Lecture Exam 1

What are the general functions of blood?

Transportation, regulation, and protection.

What does blood transport throughout the body?

Formed elements, dissolved molecules and ions, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, heat, and waste products.

What role does blood play in regulating body temperature?

Blood absorbs heat from body cells.

What is the physiological pH range of blood?

7.35 - 7.45.

What are the formed elements of blood?

Erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and thrombocytes (platelets).

What is the function of erythrocytes?

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

What is the role of leukocytes?

Immune response.

What are platelets responsible for?

Aiding in blood clot formation (coagulation).

What is hemostasis?

The process of stopping bleeding.

What are the three phases of hemostasis?

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

What does thromboxane do during platelet plug formation?

Prolongs vascular spasm and attracts more platelets to the injury site.

What is fibrin?

A protein that forms a mesh that traps blood cells during coagulation.

What are the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in coagulation?

Intrinsic pathway is initiated by damage to the inside of the vessel, while extrinsic pathway is triggered by damage to the tissue outside the vessel.

What is the function of albumins in plasma?

They exert the greatest colloid osmotic pressure and act as carrier proteins.

What are globulins?

Plasma proteins that include carrier proteins (alpha and beta globulins) and immune proteins (gamma globulins/immunoglobulins).

What types of cells can formed elements in the blood differentiate into?

They can develop into erythrocytes, leukocytes, or thrombocytes.

What is the life span of erythrocytes?

About 120 days.

What is hemolysis?

The breakdown of red blood cells.

What happens to the iron from broken down hemoglobin?

It is transported by transferrin to the liver or spleen for storage.

What symptoms are associated with jaundice?

Yellowish appearance of skin and eyes due to excess bilirubin.

What role does vitamin K play in hemostasis?

It is required for the synthesis of clotting factors.

What happens during the vascular spasm phase of hemostasis?

Smooth muscle in blood vessels contracts to reduce blood leakage.

What are some potential causes of thrombocytopenia?

Bone marrow infections or cancers.

Which system has more widespread effects?

Endocrine System

Which control system has a more short term effect?

The nervous system

endocrine glands lack

ducts

What are the general functions of the endocrine system?

Development, growth, metabolism, blood composition and volume, digestion, and reproduction

Endocrien glands secrete

Hormones

What type of synthesis involves the release of a hormone stimulated by another hormone

Hormonal synthesis

What type of synthesis involves the release of a hormone stimulated by changing levels in the blood

Humoral Synthesis

What type of synthesis involves the release of a hormone being stimulated by the nervous system

Nervous synthesis

What is an example of a hormone synthesized by hormonal synthesis

Thyroid hormone

What is an example of a hormone synthesized by humoral synthesis

Insulin

What is an example of a hormone synthesized by nervous synthesis

Epinephrine

Steroids are ____ soluble

Lipid

Sterioids are formed from ______

Cholesterol

What are some examples of steroid hormones

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, and aldosterone

Biogenic amines are water ____

Soluble

Biogenic amines are derived from ____ _____-

Amino acids

What is the only biogenic amine that is not water soluble

Thyroid hormone

What are some examples of biogenic amines

Epinephrine, thyroid hormone, and melatonin

Proteins are ____ soluble

water

Protiens consist of amino acid _____

chains

What are the three subtypes of protiens

Small peptides, large polypeptides, and glycoprotiens

What are some examples of proteins

ADH , insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, erythropoietin

Local hormones are also known as

Eicosanoids

What is up regulation?

The higher release of a hormone causes higher levels in the blood

What is down regulation?

The lower release of a hormone causes a lower concentration in the blood

Which of the following is NOT a way that hormones are eliminated in the body

reobsorbtion by a secreting gland

A hormones _____-_____ is the time it takes to reduce the level of a hormone by one half

half life

A hormone that is not attached to a carrier protein is known as an ____ hormone

unbounded

Water soluble hormone have a relatively _____ half life

short

Steroids have a ____ half life

long

Why do steroids have the longest half lives

carrier protiens

If a hormone has a shorter half life, it must be replaced ____ frequently

more

Lipid soluble hormones bind to ____ soluble carrier protiens

Water

Receptors for lipid soluble hormones are _____ the cell

inside

What type of hormones activate the hormone-receptor complex

Lipid soluble hormones

The hormone receptor complex leads to new ____ being made

proteins

What type of hormones use receptor proteins that go through cell membranes

Water soluble hormones

When a water soluble hormone binds to a receptor protein, it changes what type of behavior?

Intracellular behavior

Inside the cell, what binds to the activated receptor?

G protiens

When GTP binds to the g protein, it is considered

Activated

When the g protein is activated, it

moves along the plasma membrane

Activated g protein turns on what molecule?

Adenylate cyclase

What process could cause the following of molecules in the cell

Activation or inhibition, increase in cellular division, release of cellular secretion, changes In membrane permeability, and muscle contraction or relaxation

Phosphorylation

The response of a cell to a hormone depends of the amount of

hormone receptors

What type of hormone works together with another hormone

Synergistic hormone

What type of hormone allows another hormone to work

Permissive hormone

What type of hormone causes the opposite effect of another hormone

Antagonistic hormone

What connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

The infundibulum

What is the master endocrine gland?

The pituitary gland

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland

The anterior lobe and posterior lobe

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland ____ hormones

stores

What do hormones in the posterior pituitary travel through

Unmyelinated axons

Which of the following is not a function of oxytocin

Stimulating milk production

What hormone is released when you are dehydrated?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

In high doses, ADH is a

Vasoconstrictor

Which of the two lobes of the pituitary produces hormones?

Anterior lobe

What pathway creates a direct blood pathway between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Release hormones ___ the production and secretion of specific anterior pituitary hormones

stimulate

Inhibiting hormones ____ the production and secretion of specific anterior pituitary hormones

Decrease

Which hormone stimulates the growth of the thyroid gland and the release of thyroid hormone (t3&t4)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Which hormone regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production

Prolactin

What are the two gonadotropins

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Which hormones act on ovaries to control of development of oocyte and follicle, ovulation, and release of estrogen and progesterone

Gonadotropins

Which hormones act on testes to regulate the development of sperm and release of testosterone

Gonadotropins

Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and secrete glucocorticoids

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Which hormone stimulates the liver to release insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2

Growth hormone

Insulin like growth factor and growth hormone work to stimulate

Cell growth and division

Which hormone controls the development of pigmentation and control of appetite

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Which gland is the largest structure devoted to endocrine activities

Thyroid gland

What connects the right and left lobe of the thyroid

The isthmus

What structure is inferior to the thyroid cartilage and anterior to the trachea

The thyroid gland

What type of cells form the wall of the thyroid follicules

Follicular cells

What is the protein-rich fluid in the lumen of each follicular cell

Colloid

Follicular cells function to produce which hormones?

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

Parafollicular cells produce which hormone

Calcitonin

MIT stands for

monoiodotyrosine

DIT stands for

diiodotyrosine