Anatomy of the Articulatory and Resonance Systems (Last Exam)

articulation

the pronouncing of words, the manner in which they are produced, the process of joining 2 things together moving speech structures in speech sound production

oral cavity, nasal cavity, and pharyngeal cavity

articulation occurs within the vocal tract which is made up of?

articulation

adjustments to the shape of the vocal tract (and thus acoustical properties) and is a time-sensitive process

articulators

the structures that you join or adjust (can be mobile or immobile)

they can generate speech sounds

vocal tract

a 17 cm tube; area and structures where articulation occurs

structures include: cavities above the larynx, pharynx, oral cavities, and nasal cavities (sinus)

like a bent tube

what is the vocal tract shaped like?

when you move an articulator

when does the vocal tract move?

airflow

the articulators form valves that act to resist _____ which creates different types of sounds

biological role of the vocal tract

is the primary role

is a passageway for 2 systems (for air which is how we breath and for food for eating which creates saliva to break down food)

non-biological role of the vocal tract

is the speech role (which is not necessary for survival)

it modifies the resonatory characteristics and generate speech sounds and is a series of valves to change/constrict the flow or air

bones of the cranium

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, parietal, and occipital bones

bones of the facial skeleton

mandible (jawbone), maxillae, nasal bones, palatine bones, lacrimal bones, zygomatic bones (cheek bones), inferior conchae, and vomer

mandible

appears u-shaped, largest and strongest facial bone, and contributes to speech, 1 of them

houses and supports lower teeth, forms point of attachment for tongue and other musculature, and minimal jaw movement during speech

maxillae

upper jaw, second largest facial bone, and major speech contribution, 2 of them

bounds to the mouth, attaches muscles and soft tissues important for speech, and makes up the hard palate, nose, and upper dental ridge

nasal bones

forms bridge of the nose

lacrimal bones

form part of medial wall of orbital cavities

palatine bones

contribute to the formation of three cavities

floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity

posterior roof of mouth of oral cavity (1/4 of hard palate posteriorly)

floor of orbital cavity

zygomatic bones

contributes to the later wall and floor of orbital cavity

cheekbones

inferior nasal conchae

inferior turbinates

make up the inferior-most part of the lateral nasal wall

vomer bone

inferior half of the bony nasal septum (separates nasal cavities into left and right)

sinuses

mucus-lined spaces within bone that drain into the nasal cavity

includes frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid

purpose of sinuses

provides better balance for skull (lighter in weight)

act as resonating chambers (in addition to oral/nasal cavities)

expands areas served by nose in warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air

structures involved in articulation

lips, cheeks, teeth, tongue, mandible, palate, pharynx, fauces/facial pillars, and uvula

lips

also known as rima oris, is the mouth opening and has both and upper and lower part

labial frenula (frenulum)

thin connective tissue inside lips

nasal philtrum

produces bilabial (/p/ and /b/), labiodental (/f/ and /v/) sounds

oral preparatory and oral phase of swallowing

cheeks

assist in various speech sounds and assists during chewing, swallowing (maintain the pressure within oral cavity)

joints

two structures meet

dentition

20 deciduous teeth (baby teeth)

28-32 permanent teeth

cycles of life for teeth

growth phase, calcification, eruption, and attrition

growth phase

phase where there is teeth formation

calcification

phases where teeth are strengthened to build tooth enamel

eruption

phase where movement of the tooth goes to its functional position

attrition

phase where there is tooth loss

types of teeth

incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

incisors

are the central most teeth for biting into food

canines

are also called cuspids

help you bite foods like meat and crunchy vegetables

premolars

are also called bicuspids

are for grinding food into smaller pieces

molars

are for grinding food and moving it further to swallow

class I

normal occlusion

class I malocclusion

upper and lower jaw align, but teeth do not touch when closed, “open bite”

class II malocclusion

increased overjet; appearance of receding chin and decrease in lower facial height, “overbite”

class III malocclusion

increased facial height, “underbite”

tongue

almost entirely muscular

3 biological functions: taste sensation, mastication, and deglutition

nonbiological function: articulation

deglutition

swallowing

divisions of the tongue

tip - anterior most

blade - below alveolar ridge

dorsum - body along superior surface

root - anchor to epiglottis and hyoid

papillae

taste receptors on the tongue

are tiny raised protrusions on the tongue that contain taste buds

mandible

never completely opens during speech

only true moveable bone in the face

primary movements are depression and elevation, but also protrusion/retraction/lateralization

function is for chewing and holds the lower teeth and provides a wide range of movements

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

is the joint between the mandible and the temporal bone

covered by fibrocartilage

disturbance may be the result or cause of malocclusion

palate

the roof of the mouth

includes hard and soft

hard palate

formed by palatine processes of the maxillae and palatine bones, is the bony front portion of the roof of the mouth that separates the oral and nasal cavities

palatine rugae

are the irregular ridges located on the anterior portion of the hard palate

midline raphe

midline ridge or seam on the hard palate, extending from the incisive papilla to the uvula

soft palate

a muscular flap at the back of the mouth

it elevates to close off the nasal cavity during swallowing, preventing food or liquid from entering

thinner

the hard palate gets progressively ____ toward midline

velum (soft palate)

muscles continuous with superior constrictor muscles of the pharynx, can be elevated, lowered, tensed

partially muscle tissue and is a connective tissue

tonsils

is a lymphatic tissue that fights infection

includes palatine, pharyngeal, tubal, and, lingual

may affect nasal resonance and/or move tongue forward

palatine tonsils

between anterior and posterior faucial pillars

pharyngeal tonsil

are adenoids

pharynx

naso, oro, and hypo/laryngo

is a passageway for air to enter the larynx and lungs and food and liquid to enter the esophagus

nasopharynx

the upper part of the pharynx connecting with the nasal cavity above the soft palate

blue

oropharynx

the middle part of the throat, behind the mouth

green

laryngopharynx/hypopharynx

the most caudal portion of the pharynx, below the epiglottis and above the esophagus and trachea

purple

velopharyngeal opening

the space between soft palate and pharyngeal wall (non-nasal sounds)

regulates airflow and sound between the oral and nasal cavities during speech and swallowing

velopharyngeal closure

is crucial for articulation (differentiating oral and nasal sounds) and swallowing

movement of the soft palate and pharyngeal walls

oral consonants/sounds

non-nasal sounds: all other consonants like stop (/p/, /t/), fricative (/s/, ‘sh’)

VP port is closed (sounds that pass through the oral cavity)

raise velum

air flow is directed through the mouth/oral cavity

nasal consonants/sounds

/m/, /n/, and ‘ng’

VP port opens (sounds that pass through the nasal cavity)

lowered velum

send air through the nose