3 types of learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
-pairing, association
dog experiment (classical conditioning)
dog would salivate when meat was presented the dog would salivate the food would be paired with a metronome dog would salivate when it hear the tik, therefore the sound would be associated with food
operant conditioning
operating on environment base on consequences
extinction
forgetting
spontaneous recovery
remembering something that hasn't been used in a while
generalization
the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli
discrimination
results when different situations occasion different responses based on the contingencies of reinforcement, only worried about one thing
higher order conditioning
things that are paired (being nervous for a psych test) can be paired with other orders (nervous for test, nervous to be in class, nervous to be in the building)
how do we identify danger
neural circuitry
mirror neurons
a type of brain cell that respond equally when we perform an action and when we witness someone else perform the same action
reinforcers
strengthens behavior
and - example- strengthen quiet behavior
(giving books in church)
(taking away phone if it make them loud)
punishment
weakens behavior
and - example: yelling and running around
(spanking)
(no treats, grounding)
physical aggression _______ other aggressive behavior
increases
reinforcement schedules
continuous- every time someone behaves a certain way, it is reinforced partial- reinforced some of the time variable interval- response is reinforced after an unpredicted amount of time variable ratio- behavior is reinforced after a random number of responses.
superstitious behavior
accidentally reinforced because we thing its paired together, hav
shaping behavior
slowly reinforcing behavior for success (baby crawling)
steps of shaping behavior
identify what the respondent can do now
identify desired behavior
identify potential reinforcers in the respondents environment
break the desired behavior in small sub steps to be mastered sequentially
reinforce to reach desired behavior from behavior now
latent learning
number of errors decreases slowly for subjects receiving no reward
when rewards are given following no reward, errors decrease dramatically
number of errors decrease rapidly for subjects receiving reward
learned helplessness
giving up, excepting conditions even when there is a solution (domestic abuse, mouse shock experiment)
observational learning
learning by watching bobo doll experiment- watching aggressive behavior and mimic it
how to stop aggression
good role models, condemn and avoid it
spending less time with aggression
recency affect
short term, remembering the most recent thing that was learned/ said
primacy affect
remembering things learned at the begging, in log term memory
3 steps of remembering
1.encoding 2. storage 3. retrieval
sensory memory
large capacity taking in stimulus
short term memory
limited capacity (about 7 things) aka working memory
long term memory
nearly unlimited LTM goes back and forth with STM to be expressed verbally (reconsolidated)
STM as working memory
LOOK AT NOTES LOOP
maintenance rehearsal
repeating to remember
LTM branches
explicit implicit
explicit memory
conscious aka declarative memory 2 branches
episodic (remembering time and date of something like an episode
semantic (remember something, just not when you learned it)
Implicit memory
unconscious two branches
procedural memory- know how to do it and don't forget
classically conditioned memory- pairing
semantic network model
things closer together will prime and one will remember the right thing tip of the tongue
levels of processing model
shallow and deep
which is easier, recognition or recall
recognition
essay: Improving every day memory (know three)
LOOK AT NOTES
encoding specificity model
retrieval is easier when you are in the same external conditions as you were when you encoded your info
state dependent memory
retrieval is easier when you are in the same state of mind as you were when you encoded it.