PSYCH EXAM 3

3 types of learning

1. classical conditioning
2. operant conditioning
3. observational learning

classical conditioning

-pairing, association

dog experiment (classical conditioning)

dog would salivate when meat was presented the dog would salivate
the food would be paired with a metronome
dog would salivate when it hear the tik, therefore the sound would be associated with food

operant conditioning

operating on environment base on consequences

extinction

forgetting

spontaneous recovery

remembering something that hasn't been used in a while

generalization

the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli

discrimination

results when different situations occasion different responses based on the contingencies of reinforcement, only worried about one thing

higher order conditioning

things that are paired (being nervous for a psych test) can be paired with other orders (nervous for test, nervous to be in class, nervous to be in the building)

how do we identify danger

neural circuitry

mirror neurons

a type of brain cell that respond equally when we perform an action and when we witness someone else perform the same action

reinforcers

strengthens behavior
+ and -
example- strengthen quiet behavior
+ (giving books in church)
- (taking away phone if it make them loud)

punishment

weakens behavior
+ and -
example: yelling and running around
+ (spanking)
- (no treats, grounding)

physical aggression _______ other aggressive behavior

increases

reinforcement schedules

continuous- every time someone behaves a certain way, it is reinforced
partial- reinforced some of the time
variable interval- response is reinforced after an unpredicted amount of time
variable ratio- behavior is reinforced after a random number of responses.

superstitious behavior

accidentally reinforced because we thing its paired together, hav

shaping behavior

slowly reinforcing behavior for success (baby crawling)

steps of shaping behavior

1. identify what the respondent can do now
2. identify desired behavior
3. identify potential reinforcers in the respondents environment
4. break the desired behavior in small sub steps to be mastered sequentially
5. reinforce to reach desired behavior from behavior now

latent learning

- number of errors decreases slowly for subjects receiving no reward
- when rewards are given following no reward, errors decrease dramatically
- number of errors decrease rapidly for subjects receiving reward

learned helplessness

giving up, excepting conditions even when there is a solution (domestic abuse, mouse shock experiment)

observational learning

learning by watching
bobo doll experiment- watching aggressive behavior and mimic it

how to stop aggression

- good role models, condemn and avoid it
- spending less time with aggression

recency affect

short term, remembering the most recent thing that was learned/ said

primacy affect

remembering things learned at the begging, in log term memory

3 steps of remembering

1.encoding
2. storage
3. retrieval

sensory memory

large capacity
taking in stimulus

short term memory

limited capacity (about 7 things)
aka working memory

long term memory

nearly unlimited
LTM goes back and forth with STM to be expressed verbally (reconsolidated)

STM as working memory

LOOK AT NOTES LOOP

maintenance rehearsal

repeating to remember

LTM branches

explicit
implicit

explicit memory

conscious
aka declarative memory
2 branches
- episodic (remembering time and date of something like an episode
- semantic (remember something, just not when you learned it)

Implicit memory

unconscious
two branches
1. procedural memory- know how to do it and don't forget
2. classically conditioned memory- pairing

semantic network model

things closer together will prime and one will remember the right thing
tip of the tongue

levels of processing model

shallow and deep

which is easier, recognition or recall

recognition

essay: Improving every day memory (know three)

LOOK AT NOTES

encoding specificity model

retrieval is easier when you are in the same external conditions as you were when you encoded your info

state dependent memory

retrieval is easier when you are in the same state of mind as you were when you encoded it.