ALKANES ORGANIC REACTIONS

Alkanes

• saturated hydrocarbons

• general formula: C_nH_2n+2

• where n = number of carbon atoms

hydrocarbons

contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms

saturated

have only C-C and C-H single bonds and thus contain the maximum possible number of hydrogens per carbon

straight-chain alkanes, or normal (n) alkanes

carbons are connected in a row

branched-chain alkanes

compounds with branched carbon chains

alkyl group

• the partial structure that remains if hydrogen is removed from an alkane

• replacing the -ane with -yl

natural gas and petroleum deposits

the major sources of alkanes are the world’s _ and _

natural gas

consists chiefly of methane but also contains ethane, propane, and butane

petroleum

• a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that must be separated into fractions and then further refined before it can be used

• FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

INCREASES

alkanes show regular _ in both boiling point and melting point as molecular weight increases.

boiling point

branching lowers an alkane’s _

fractional distillation

separates crude mixtures of alkanes based on differences in boiling point.

gases

boiling point range below 20 °C

gasoline (naphthas)

boiling point range: 20 - 200 °C

kerosene

boiling point range: 175 - 275 °C

fuel oil

boiling point range: 250 - 400 °C

lubricating oil

boiling point range: above 400 °C

asphalt

residue

crude oil and vapor

are preheated

paraffins

alkanes are sometimes referred to as _ a word derived from the Latin parum affinis, meaning “slightly affinity”

inert

(alkanes) little chemical affinity for other substances and are _ to most laboratory reagents

oxygen and chlorine

(alkanes) react under appropriate conditions with _, _, and a few other substances

fuel

the reaction of an alkane with O₂ occurs during combustion in an engine or furnace when the alkane is used as a _

reaction of an alkane with Cl₂ (Halogenation)

• when a mixture of the two is irradiated with ultraviolet light (denoted hv)

• sequential replacement