APUSH chapter 9

study guide for chapter, 9 test on 10/25/24

Alexis de Tocqueville

-Wrote the Democracy of America

-political scientist, historian, and politician

Old Northwest

territories acquired by the federal government from the states, covered lands northwest of the Ohio River, East of the Mississippi River, and South of the Great Lakes.

Old Southwest

• The Old Southwest refers to the frontier territories that were pivotal in the early expansion of the United States.

• It encompasses regions that later became present-day Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, and parts of Georgia.

• This area was characterized by its rich natural resources, fertile soil ideal for agriculture, and was a significant site for settlement efforts during the early 19th century.

• The Old Southwest played a crucial role in the westward expansion, serving as a cultural

John Jacob Astor

• German-born American businessman, merchant, real estate mogul, and investor.

• Made a fortune though a fur trade monopoly

• in the 1830’s he shifted focus to real estate and investments.

• Embodies the rise of NY real estate

National Road

• The first highway to be built entirely off federal funds

• provided a connection between the Potomac and Ohio Rivers and a gateway to the West for thousands of settlers.

• known as route 40

5 Civilized Tribes

1. Cherokee

2. Chickasaw

3. Choctaw

4. Creek

5. Seminole

Andrew Jackson

• 7th president

• He became a national hero when he defeated the British at New Orleans.

• served in both houses of congress

• did not believe Indians should have an independent nation, but instead should follow state laws

• Indian Removal act

Indian Removal Act

• Authorized Jackson to exchange public lands in the west for Indian Territories in the East and appropriated $500,000 to cover expenses of removal.

• Forced Indians to exchange 100 million acres of their lands for 32 million acres of public land

• most left “voluntarily”

Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia

• 1831

• Chief Justice John Marshall denied the Cherokee’s claim to status as a republic within Georgia

• said they were a “Domestic Dependent Nation,” a kind of ward of the United States

• Marshall also stated that prolonged occupancy gave the Cherokees a claim to their land in Georgia

Worcester vs. Georgia

• Came a year after Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia to clarify the Cherokee’s legal position.

• stated they were a distinct political community entitled to federal protection from Georgia’s claims.

• President Jackson ignored it.

Trail of Tears

• (1838)

• following the Treaty of New Echota

• Indians were forcibly removed and taken to present day Oklahoma on this trail.

Black Hawk

• Led one of two uprisings following the extinguishment of some northwest land titles belonging to the tribes.

• Sac and Fox chief

• Raged along the Illinois frontier until his followers were annihilated by federal troops.

• His downfall led to other Old Northwest tribes ceding their lands.

Alabama Fever

• A land rush that occurred after 1817 when many settlers and speculators moved in to establish land claims after many Indian tribes ceded their territories.

• Settlers were bidding up to 35 dollars an acre (extremely high for this time period)

Market Economy

• An economic system based on free enterprise, where businesses are privately owned.

• Production and prices are determined by supply and demand.

• Many farmers incorporated cash crops, such as cotton and tobacco, into their fields for greater profit.

• The system facilitated a slave trade and exchange from declining agricultural states, which had limited resources, to booming agricultural states that had fertile lands available for cultivation.

Speculators

• People who assumed that land would continue to rise in value

• They were willing to bid high on new land, which they then resold to farmers at heavy profit

Panic of 1819

• The land boom collapsed

• State banks’ loose practices were a heavy contributor to the panic

• Western expansion was basically halted

• Unemployment skyrocketed

• Also caused in part by speculators.

Bank of the United States

• Responsible for managing federal finances and providing a stable currency.

• Played a crucial role in extending credit and stabilizing the economy.

• Contributed to the Panic of 1819 through loose banking practices and risky loans.

• Its failure during the panic led to widespread economic distress, including bank failures and rising unemployment.

• Rechartered in 1816, but was very controversial.

Transportation Revolution

• Addressed severe weaknesses in the transportation system, such as:

  • Rivers typically ran North-South, complicating connections between Western farmers and Eastern markets.

• Significant upgrades were made to:

  • Canals

  • Steamboats

  • Railroads

  • Paved roads

• Resulted in transportation becoming cheaper and more efficient.

• Expanded markets significantly.

• Facilitated the movement of people.

• Altered the physical landscape

Robert Fulton

• American engineer and inventor

• Best known for developing the first successful commercial steamboat, the Clermont

• The Clermont's inaugural voyage was in 1807 on the Hudson River

• Played a significant role in the Transportation Revolution by demonstrating steam-powered navigation

• His work paved the way for expanded trade and transportation across the United States

• Also involved in submarine and torpedo design, contributing to early naval warfare technology

• His innovations transformed transportation and facilitated westward

Gibbons vs. Ogden

• Landmark Supreme Court case decided in 1824.

• Ruled that the federal government has exclusive authority to regulate interstate commerce.

• Originated when Aaron Ogden was granted a monopoly by New York to operate steamboat services.

• Conflict arose with licenses issued by the federal government to Thomas Gibbons.

• Gibbons challenged Ogden’s monopoly in court.

• Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice John Marshall, ruled in favor of Gibbons.

• States cannot interfere with federal regulations regarding interstate commerce.

• Strengthened federal authority and laid groundwork for future economic expansion.

Eerie Canal

• A man-made waterway measuring approximately 363 miles across New York State.

• Connects the Hudson River to Lake Erie, completed in 1825.

• Critical for trade and transportation in the early 19th century.

• Significantly reduced shipping costs and times, facilitating the movement of goods from the interior of New York to the Atlantic Ocean.

• Played a pivotal role in the economic growth of New York City and the Great Lakes region.

• Enabled transportation of agricultural products and raw materials, encouraging westward expansion.

• Featured locks to manage elevation changes and initially powered by horse-drawn boats.

Samuel Slater

• Known as the Father of the American Industrial Revolution.

• British-born industrialist who significantly contributed to the American textile industry.

• Memorized the designs of textile machinery in England before immigrating to the United States in 1789.

• Established the first successful cotton spinning mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1793 (Slater Mill).

• Utilized advanced machinery such as the water frame invented by Richard Arkwright.

Francis Cabot Lowell

Francis Cabot Lowell was an American businessman and a key figure in the American Industrial Revolution. He was instrumental in the establishment of the Boston Manufacturing Company in 1813, which was the first large-scale factory in the United States to integrate the processes of spinning and weaving under one roof.

• Lowell recognized the potential for mechanizing the textile industry and promoted the factory system that utilized power looms for efficient production.

• He is also known for founding the city of Lowell, Massachusetts, which became a significant textile manufacturing center.

• Lowell was a proponent of employing young women from rural areas, known as 'Lowell Girls,' who worked in the factories under specific conditions that included strict schedules and monitored living arrangements.

• His contributions significantly advanced American manufacturing and set a

Eli Whitney

• The cotton gin dramatically increased the speed of cotton processing, allowing one worker to clean as much cotton in one day as multiple workers would do by hand. This led to a surge in cotton production in the southern United States, solidifying cotton as a crucial cash crop and significantly impacting the economy of the region.

• Whitney’s invention inadvertently contributed to the expansion of slavery in the South as plantation owners sought to capitalize on the increased demand for cotton.

• In addition to the cotton gin, Whitney was a pioneer in manufacturing techniques, particularly known for his role in the development of interchangeable parts.

• He demonstrated the feasibility of mass production by creating standardized parts for firearms, which not only improved efficiency in manufacturing but also laid the groundwork for modern assembly line practices.

• Whitney's contributions to the industrial revolution were pivotal, earning him recognition as one of the key figures in American history.

Catherine Beecher

• Educator

• Advocated for qual access to education for women and their roles as teachers and mothers

• Established Hartford Female Seminary in Hartford, Connecticut for the education of women.

• One of few women to chose to not marry

Doctrine of Separate Spheres

• Stated that men and women were different and meant for different things

• Men were strong, women were weak; men were independent, women were dependent.

• Represented the division of gender roles into distinct and complementary domains: the public sphere, associated with men and work, and the private sphere, linked to women and home life.

What were the major components of the transportation revolution in the first half of the 19th century?

Canals, steamboats, and railroads. Many solutions were needed as transportation was kind of a mess before the transportation revolution.

What caused the Federal Government to pursue a policy of Indian removal?

Many white settlers were petitioning for a removal of the Indians because they were in the way of westward expansion. The federal government was under a lot of pressure and ultimately listened to the people.

What were working conditions like in early American factories?

• Harsh

• Long hours

• Often unsafe and led to several accidents, some were deadly

• Tasks tended to be divided for efficiency's sake which led to repetitive and monotonous work for employees.

What were the causes and consequences of the Panic of 1819?

Causes:

• A sharp decline in cotton prices after the Napoleonic Wars

• Excessive land speculation fueled by easy credit from banks

• Contraction of credit by the Bank of the United States aimed at curbing inflation

• A shift in European markets away from American agricultural products

Effects:

• Widespread business failures

• Debt defaults

• Unemployment

• Social unrest

All of the hardship led to significantly impacted westward expansion, which was basically halted.

What caused a boost in American domestic industrial production in the early 1800’s?

• Advancement in the textile industry (cotton gin)

• Advancement in transportation (transportation revolution)

• Innovations in production line technology

• More factories being established.