Final Exam Practice Problems Review

These flashcards cover the key vocabulary and concepts from Chapters 1-4 of the lecture notes for the final exam preparation.

Sublimation

The process where a solid is converted directly to a gas.

Gas particle distance

In a gas, the distance between the particles is very large relative to the size of the molecules.

Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

Homogeneous mixture

A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout.

Chemical change

A change that results in the formation of new chemical substances.

Physical change

A change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance without altering its chemical composition.

Significant figures

The digits in a number that carry meaningful information about its precision.

Density

The mass per unit volume of a substance, typically expressed as g/mL.

Noble gas

An inert gas in Group 18 of the periodic table, known for their lack of reactivity.

Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Valence electrons

Electrons located in the outermost shell of an atom that are involved in bonding.

Electron configuration

The distribution of electrons in an atom's atomic orbitals.

Ion

An atom or molecule that has a net electrical charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

Compound

A substance formed when two or more chemical elements combine in a fixed ratio.

Subatomic particle

A particle smaller than an atom, such as protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Phase

A distinct physical and chemical state of matter.