APES unit 9 (global change)

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55 Terms

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stratospheric ozone

ozone in the stratosphere absorbs UV-C and much of UV-B radiation

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UV-B and UV-C

dangerous radiation for humans that can cause tissue damage and mutate DNA

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how ozone absorbs UV-B and UV-C

UV-C breaks O2 into 2 free O atoms, which them bond with O2 to make O3, which then gets broken up, etc.

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anthropogenic ozone depletion

CFCs are a primary anthropogenic cause of O3 breakdown

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natural ozone depletion

antarctica spring melt forms polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)

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polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)

clouds made of water and nitric acid, reacts with stuff to give off Cl2, which gets broken by the sun into 2Cl, then breaks down ozone

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reducing ozone depletion

main way to reduce anthropogenic O3 depletion is phasing out and replacing CFCs

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montreal protocol (1987)

a global agreement to phase out CFCs from production

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solar radiation

not all incoming solar radiation reaches earth's surface

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the greenhouse effect

gases in earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun and radiate it back down to earth

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GHG examples

CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs

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global warming potential (GWP)

measure of how much a given molecule of gas can contribute to the warming of the atmosphere over a 100 year period, RELATIVE TO CO2

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residence time

how long a molecule stays in the atmosphere

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infrared absorption

how well the gas absorbs and radiates infrared radiation (IR)

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thermal expansion

water molecules move slightly further apart when they're heated, which leads to sea level rising

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environmental impacts of sea level rising

flooding of coastal ecosystems like estuaries

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human impacts of sea level rising

relocation of coastal human populations

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historic climate change

earth's climate has varied over geologic time, largely due to variations in earth's orbit around the sun

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how scientists have measured earth's historical temp. and CO2 levels

foraminifera shells, air bubbles in ice cores, 16O vs 18O isotope concentrations in ice

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effects of climate change

rising temp, rising sea level, melting of permafrost

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impact of global warming on coastal communities

property loss, damage, potential relocation; loss of barrier islands

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impact of global warming on atmospheric currents

widening and weakening of hadley cell; weakened, destabilized jet stream

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impacts of global warming on marine ecosystems

altered range of marine ecosystems; altered ranges for organisms

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impact of global warming on ocean circulation

suppression of thermohaline circulation

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unequal global warming

polar regions of earth are warming faster than other regions (polar amplification)

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melting of permafrost

permanently frozen tundra soils that begin to thaw and release methane and CO2 from anaerobic decomposition

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impact of global warming on polar ecosystems

arctic sea ice loss = habitat loss

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atmospheric warming = ocean warming

as the atmosphere warms, heat is transferred to the ocean

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effects of ocean warming on marine species

warmer water holds less O2, causing respiratory stress or suffocation

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ocean acidification

increased CO2 in atmosphere = increased ocean CO2 (direct exchange)

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calcium carbonate and marine organisms

marine organisms that make shells use calcium and carbonate ions to build their calcium carbonate shells (calcification)

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anthropogenic causes for ocean acidification

ff combustion, deforestation, and coal/gas combustion

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invasive species

species not native to an area, often introduced by human transport

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zebra mussel

transported by ship ballast water; aggressive filter feeders, eating algae that many other species rely on; 1 mil. eggs/year; clogs intake pipes

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kudzu vine

planted to limit soil erosion in southern US; grows very rapidly; outcompetes antives for sunlight by growing over them; no herbivore control in the US

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asian carp

brought in to control algae growth in aquatic farms; escaped to mississippi river; outcompetes native fish for food and space; decreases fishery production and value

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emerald ash borer

spread by wood packing materials of ships/planes and firewood; larvae lain in bark, eat their way into phloem; disrupts tree nutrient transport, killing them; expanding range due to global warming

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can toad

introduced to eat cane beetles causing sugarcane crop loss in australia; became invasive due to huge appetite; drove declines in other amphibians and small reptiles

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pythons (florida)

brought to florida as pets, released into wild by owners; decimated mammal populations in everglades (~90-95%); aggressive hunters with no natural predators

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control/removal methods for invasive species

laws preventing transport; removal of hosts; careful boat cleaning and inspection; introduction of nat. pred.; physical removal

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how species become endangered

poaching, invasives, special food/habitat needs, climate change

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poaching

poachers hunt exotic species for fur, tusks, horns; may also be over harvested or hunted for food; removed from wild and sold as pets

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invasives (endangered species)

invasives can outcompete natives for resources

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special food/habitat needs (endangered species)

niche specialists are more prone to endangerment due to specific food/habitat needs; less tolerant of changing climate, habitat loss, wildfires, deforestation, urbanization, etc.

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climate change (endangered species)

shifts habitat of many species (migration is harder); changes in temp/precip. can occur too rapidly for some species to migrate or adapt

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protecting endangered species

poaching prevention, legislation, protect wildlife habitats

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CITES

international agreement for countries to set up agencies to monitor import and export of endangered species

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endangered species act

US law giving USFWS power to designate species as endangered or threatened, monitor trade, and purchase land critical to these animals

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IUCN red list

EX (extinct), EW (extinct in the wild), CR (threatened), EN (threatened), VU (threatened), NT (near threatened), LC (least concern)

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interspecific competition

competition for resources amongst members of different species

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HIPPCO (human threats to biodiversity)

habitat fragmentation/loss, invasive species, population growth, pollution, climate change, over exploitation

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habitat fragmentation

breaking of larger, continuous habitats into smaller, isolated patches (roads, pipelines, agri/urban land use, logging)

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metapopulations

isolated, subpopulation connected by habitat corridors

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edge effect

where two ecosystems meet and have different characteristics than the middle of each ecosystem

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mitigating biodiversity loss

protecting and connecting habitats; sustainable land use; restoring lost habitats