Social studies uil

Armstrong, Louis

An African American trumpeter and vocalist. He is among the most influential figures in jazz. His career spanned five decades and different eras in the history of jazz. Armstrong was born and raised in New Orleans. He is nicknamed "Satchmo", "Satch", and "Pops."

Barton, Bruce

Wrote The Man Nobody Knows in 1924. Author was an ad executive and son of a Protestant minister. Described Jesus Christ as a managerial genius who picked up men from the bottom of the business and brought them up the management ranks (the 12 disciples) and conquered the world. Republican politician. Represented Manhattan.

Hughes, Langston

was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. One of the earliest innovators of the literary art form called jazz poetry, Hughes is best known as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance

Birdseye, Clarence

American inventor, entrepreneur, naturalist, and founder of the frozen-food industry "Birds-eye". His successful experiments with food freezing processes led to the founding of General Foods Company in 1924. Among his inventions during his career was the double belt freezer.

Hurston, Zora Neale

was an American author, anthropologist, and filmmaker. She portrayed racial struggles in the early-1900s American South and published research on hoodoo. The most popular of her four novels is Their Eyes Were Watching God, published in 1937

John Logie Baird

FRSE was a Scottish inventor, electrical engineer, and innovator who demonstrated the world's first live working television system on 26 January 1926. He went on to invent the first publicly demonstrated colour television system and the first viable purely electronic colour television picture tube.

Keaton, Buster

was an American actor, comedian and filmmaker. He is best known for his silent film work, in which his trademark was physical comedy accompanied by a stoic, deadpan expression that earned him the nickname "The Great Stone Face".

Byrd, Richard E.

American naval officer and explorer. He was a recipient of the Medal of Honor, the highest honor for valor given by the United States, and was a pioneering American aviator, polar explorer, and organizer of polar logistics

Carter, Howard

British archaeologist and Egyptologist who discovered the intact tomb of the 18th Dynasty Pharaoh Tutankhamun in November 1922, the best-preserved pharaonic tomb ever found in the Valley of the Kings

Capone, Alphonse

Has an Italian background. He was sometimes known by the nickname "Scarface", was an American gangster and businessman who attained notoriety during the Prohibition era as the co-founder and boss of the Chicago Outfit. His seven-year reign as a crime boss ended when he went to prison at 33. He started off as a small-time gangster but ended up in time magazine.

La Follette, Robert

"Fighting Bob" La Follette Sr., was an American lawyer and politician. He represented Wisconsin in both chambers of Congress and served as the 20th Governor of Wisconsin.

Landis, Kenesaw Mountain

was an American jurist who served as a United States federal judge from 1905 to 1922 and the first Commissioner of Baseball from 1920 until his death.

Lewis, John L.

was an American leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America from 1920 to 1960.

Lewis, SInclair

was an American writer and playwright. In 1930, he became the first writer from the United States to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters."

Kellogg, John Harvey

was an American medical doctor, nutritionist, inventor, health activist, eugenicist, and businessman. He was the director of the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Battle Creek, Michigan. The sanitarium was founded by members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

Bow, Clara

American actress who rose to stardom during the silent film era of the 1920s and successfully made the transition to "talkies" in 1929. Her appearance as a plucky shopgirl in the film It brought her global fame and the nickname "The It Girl."

Busch, Adolphus

German-born co-founder of Anheuser-Busch with his father-in-law, Eberhard Anheuser. He introduced numerous innovations, building the success of the company in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He became a philanthropist, using some of his wealth for education and humanitarian needs. Created largest breweries in the world.

Bryan, William Jennings

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925). Beginning in 1896, he emerged as a dominant force in the Democratic Party, running three times as the party's nominee for President of the United States in the 1896, 1900, and the 1908 elections.

Brandeis, Louis

The first American Jewish member of the Supreme Court. When practicing law, he was a defender of the rights of labor and working people, exemplified in his brief in the case of "Muller v. Oregon." He was an associate justice on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1916 to 1939

100% Americans

\-against all foreigners/foreign things

Supported by the belief of eugenics and pseudoscience about cultures that claimed that immigrants had lower intelligence and were more prone to disease and crime.

16th Amendment

(1909) gave Congress the power to tax income. Key step fro wealth distribution.

18th Amendment

(1919) Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages. Ban lasted until 1933 when it was repealed by the 21st amendment.

19th Amendment

(1920) Extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections. Gave women the right to vote.

1920 Census

revealed that for the first time, a majority of the American people lived in urban areas. Showed that the population grew 15% from 1910 to 1920—estimated pop. of 106 million.

21st Amendment

(1933) Ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment. Ended Prohibition in the United States.

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

Founded by Roger Baldwin. in 1920. Defend Americans' Constitutional rights and freedoms, using litigation and lobbying.

American Breeders Association

First national membership-based organization promoting genetic and eugenic research in the United States. Founded by agricultural scientists in 1903, study selective breeding to see an improvement in society.

Darwin, Charles

An English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended from a common ancestor is now widely accepted and considered a fundamental concept in science. After voyaging for 5 years aboard the HMS Beagle, this English naturalist observed differences among island species

Anarchists

people who oppose all forms of government. Targeted during the 1st Red Scare

Anti-Evolution League

was formed in 1924 in order to support anti-evolution challenges in Kentucky and, most notably, in Tennessee, where the Scopes "Monkey Trial" was held in the summer of 1925. The Anti-Evolution League encouraged the Poole Bill in North Carolina. It was under the leadership of Dr. J. W. Porter and T.T. Martin, published "The conflict" to promote biblicism.

Anti-Saloon League

Founded in 1893 and nationally spread in 1895, the league spearheaded the prohibition movement during the Progressive Era.

Art Deco Movement

Popular in the 1920s and 30s, the artwork contains geometric three-dimensional forms and curvy surfaces. Subjects are typically men and women from the high-society jazz age. An example of this style is the Chrysler Building in NY.

The Atlantic City Conference (1929)

Held between 13-16 May 1929 was a historic summit of leaders of organized crime in the United States. It is considered by most crime historians to be the earliest organized crime summit held in the US. Helped regional bosses further control their territories by mutual agreements.

Babbitt

(1922) Written by Sinclair Lewis, is a satirical novel about American culture and society that critiques the vacuity of middle class life and the social pressure toward conformity. The controversy provoked by Babbitt was influential in the decision to award the Nobel Prize in Literature to Lewis in 1930. The term Babbit is a person or entity that conforms unknowingly to prevailing middle-class standards and defines their existence by the pursuit to achieve what is often purely material success.

Dos Passos, John

American novelist, most notable for his U.S.A. trilogy. Born in Chicago, Dos Passos graduated from Harvard College in 1916. He traveled widely as a young man, visiting Europe and southwest Asia, where he learned about literature, art, and architecture

Black Sox Scandal (1919)

8 white sox players were accused of intentionally losing games in exchange for money. They were then banned from MLB for life.

Bolshevik Revolution

The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

Bootlegger

Smugglers of illegal alcohol during the Prohibition era

Boston Police Strike (1919)

Went on a strike, and in fear of communism, President Coolidge (then governor at the time) fired them and called in the militia to be the police force

Butler Act 1925

Law in Tennessee that prohibited the teaching of evolution in public schools

buying on margin

paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest

California Alien Land Law of 1920

barring Asian immigrants from owning land. California tightened the law further in 1920 and 1923, barring the leasing of land and land ownership by American-born children of Asian immigrant parents or by corporations controlled by Asian immigrants.

Centralia Massacre

This incident happened on the first anniversary of Armistice day, it was a conflict between the American Legion and American Workers of the world, it resulted in 6 deaths, several wounded, and multiple imprisoned, the ramifications of this event included a trial that attracted international media. During the American Civil War.

Du Bois, W. E. B. (1868-1963)

A Harvard-educated leader in the fight for racial equality, believed that liberal arts education would provide the "talented tenth" of African Americans with the ability to lift their race into full participation in society. From New York, where he was a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), he relentlessly brought attention to racism in America and demanded legal and cultural change. During his long life he published many important books of history, sociology, and poetry and provided intellectual leadership to those advocating civil rights. One of his deepest convictions was the necessity of American blacks connecting their freedom struggle with African independence and he died as a resident of the new nation of Ghana.

Einstein, Albert

German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to the development of the theory of quantum mechanics.

Einstein, Isidor

During the first years of the alcohol Prohibition era he became notorious for his success in shutting down speakeasies and similar illegal drinking establishments that were supposed to be "ungettable." Izzy operated between 1920 and 1925 in New York.

Eliot, T.S.

poet, essayist, publisher, playwright, literary critic and editor. Considered one of the 20th century's major poets, he is a central figure in English-language Modernist poetry.

Ellington, Duke

American jazz pianist, composer, and leader of his eponymous jazz orchestra from 1923 through the rest of his life.

Fall, Albert

United States senator from New Mexico and the Secretary of the Interior under President Warren G. Harding, infamous for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal; being the only person convicted as a result of the affair.

Edison, Thomas

American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures

Lee de Forest

American inventor and a fundamentally important early pioneer in electronics. He invented the first electronic device for controlling current flow; the three-element "Audion" triode vacuum tube in 1906.

De Priest, Oscar

American politician and civil rights advocate from Chicago. A member of the Illinois Republican Party, he was the first African American to be elected to Congress in the 20th century. During his three terms, he was the only African American serving in Congress

Dempsey, William

Nicknamed "Jack" , Kid Blackie, and The Manassa Mauler, was an American professional boxer who competed from 1914 to 1927, and reigned as the world heavyweight champion from 1919 to 1926

Davis, John W.

American politician, diplomat and lawyer. He served under President Woodrow Wilson as the Solicitor General of the United States and the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom. He was the Democratic nominee for president in 1924 but lost to Republican incumbent Calvin Coolidge

Daugherty, Harry

American politician. A key Ohio Republican political insider, he is best remembered for his service as Attorney General of the United States under Presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge, as well as for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal during Harding's presidency.

American Breeders Association (ABA)

Was the first nationally organized, membership-based institution promoting genetic and eugenic research in the United States between 1903 and 1913. Founded by agricultural scientists in 1903, was a national analogue of those regional agricultural societies active in support of scientific agriculture.

Chaplin, Charlie

English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film. He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona, "the Tramp", and is considered one of the film industry's most important figures.

Coleman, Bessie

Early American civil aviator. She was the first African-American woman and first Native American to hold a pilot license. She earned her license from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale on June 15, 1921, and was the first Black person to earn an international pilot's license.

Cooldige, Calvin

Was the 30th president of the United States from 1923 to 1929. Born in Vermont, was a Republican lawyer from New England who climbed up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming the 48th governor of Massachusetts.

Darrow, Clarence

A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. Became famous in the early 20th century for his involvement in the Leopold and Loeb murder trial and the Scopes "Monkey" Trial. He was a leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union, and a prominent advocate for Georgist economic reform. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when he questioned Bryan about the Bible.

Cox, James

American businessman and politician serving as the 46th and 48th governor of Ohio, and a two-term U.S. Representative from Ohio. As the Democratic nominee for President of the United States at the 1920 presidential election, he lost in a landslide to fellow Ohioan Warren G. Harding.

Clarke, Edward

American physician. Clarke obtained an undergraduate degree came from Harvard College and a medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania. Based in Boston, he specialized in otology and published several books including Sex in Education; or, A Fair Chance for the Girls.

Chanel, Coco

French fashion designer and businesswoman. The founder and namesake of the Chanel brand, she was credited in the post-World War I era with popularizing a sporty, casual chic as the feminine standard of style.

Red Scare (1919-1920)

A brief wave of fear over the possible influence of Socialists/Bolsheviks in American life.

The rising tide of color ; The threat against white

(1920), by Lothrop Stoddard, is a book about racialism and geopolitics, which describes the collapse of white supremacy and colonialism because of the population growth among "people of color", rising nationalism in colonized nations

Route 66

"The Mother Road" to opportunity, finished in 1926, that connected Chicago to Los Angeles

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

prejudiced jury sentenced them to death, caused riots around the world, new trial denied

saloon

a room or establishment where alcoholic drinks are served over a counter

Saint Valentine's Day Massacre

This event made the public scared during Prohibition after 7 men were murdered in Chicago.

Scientific Temperance Instruction

popular movement during the late nineteenth century to persuade schoolchildren to abstain from drinking alcoholic beverages.

Scofflaw

one who is continually breaking the law

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Seattle General Strike

35,000 shipyard workers walked off the job demanding higher wages and shorter hours.In the end, the workers returned to work but without any gains.

Shuffle Along (1921)

Most popular musical of the 20s written by Noble Sissle and Eubie Blake.

Legitimized the Black musical as a Broadway staple.

A Broadway hit played for integrated audiences.

While portraying Blacks with integrity and romance, the New Negroes did not appreciate its appeal to white nostalgia.

Soviet Ark (1919)

Nickname for the transport ship that transported 249 people from New York for Finland on December 22 1919; included were assorted anarchists, criminals, and public charges, all of whom were deported to Russia without benefit of a court hearing.

Spanish Flu Epidemic

killed nearly seven times the number of Americans as died of combat deaths in France

Speakeasy

A place where alcoholic drinks were sold and consumed illegally during prohibition

Spindletop

A major oil discovery in 1901 near Beaumont that began the industrialization of Texas.

Stock Market Crash of 1929

A severe downturn in stock prices occurred in October in the United States, which marked the end of the "Roaring Twenties." Despite a few attempts at recovery, it continued to languish, eventually falling almost 90% from its peak in 1929. It took over 25 years for the stock market to get back to the highs of the 1929 market, as the U.S. economy suffered through the Great Depression. Major new legislative and regulatory changes (New Deal) were enacted in an effort to prevent the same situation from happening again.

Suurealism

aims to revolutionise human experience. It balances a rational vision of life with one that asserts the power of the unconscious and dreams. The movement's artists find magic and strange beauty in the unexpected and the uncanny, the disregarded and the unconventional.

Talkies

movies with sound, beginning in 1927

Taylorism

A set of ideas, also referred to as "scientific management," developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, involving simple, coordinated operations in industry.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Time Magazine

Founded by Henry Luce and Briton Hadden- it condensed the news of the week into a brief accessible and lively format for those who disliked newspapers

Tulsa Race Massacre

Took place on May 31 and June 1, 1921, when mobs of white residents, many of them deputized and given weapons by city officials, attacked black residents and businesses of the Greenwood District in Oklahoma

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in metropolitan settlements.

Victorianism

British historical and artistic period spanning the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901); usually oversimplified in description as a period of prudery, materialism and complacency, but in actuality a time of stress, doubt and change in all areas of society.

Fleming, Alexander

Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin.

Ford, Henry

American industrialist, business magnate, founder of the Ford Motor Company, and chief developer of the assembly line technique of mass production. Fordlandia in Brazil served as a source for rubber.

Frederick, Christine

American home economist and early 20th century exponent of Taylorism as applied to the domestic sphere. She conducted experiments aimed at improving household efficiency, as well as arguing for women's vital role as consumers in a mass-production economy.

The wasteland by T.S Elliot

Widely regarded as one of the most important poems of the 20th century and a central work of modernist poetry.

War Reparations

Payments demanded by the victors from the losers. Germany had to admit responsibility for WWI and pay for costs of the war.

Washington naval convention

AKA Five- Power Treaty;

\-Battle Ship manufacturing is halted for 10 years

\-Certain war-battle ships are eliminated

\-Every 5 capital ships of US and Britain, Japan has 3

\-US and Britain have no militaristic involvement in Pacific except Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

Women's Christian Temperance Union

This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.

xenophobia

fear of foreigners

Yellow Peril

Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900; met by increased Western imperialism in region

Young Plan 1929

Schedule that set limits to Germany's reparation payments and reduced the agreed-on time for occupation of the Ruhr.

Freud, Sigmund

Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies in the psyche through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. He was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire

Garvey, Marcus

Jamaican political activist, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator. He was the founder and first President-General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, through which he declared himself Provisional President of Africa.