PSyshhcoollogy unit 3b voooccab

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Piaget’s concept of conservation

The understanding that an object's quantity, volume, or mass remains the same despite changes in its appearance or form

Piaget

developed a theory of cognitive development in children

Cognition

The mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses

Schema

A mental framework that organizes our knowledge about the world, influencing how we process new information and form conclusions

Assimilation

The process of integrating new information or experiences into existing mental frameworks, or schemas, without changing the frameworks themselves.

Ex: Kid sees poodle and says thats a dog

Accomodation

The process of adjusting one's existing mental frameworks, or schemas, to incorporate new information that doesn't fit

Ex: Kid sees cat and says its a dog, but parent says it’s a cat

Sensorimotor

First of Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development, from birth to 2 years old. Infants learn about the world primarily through their senses and motor actions, developing key skills like object permanence and learning cause-and-effect.

Preoperational stage

The second stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development from 2 to 7 years old, children begin to use words and symbols to represent object and ideas.

Conservation

An interdisciplinary field that uses psychological principles to understand and encourage human behavior that protects the environment.

Ex: Same amount of water is poured into different shaped glasses, understanding that they are the same amount

Egocentrism

An interdisciplinary field that uses psychological principles to understand and encourage human behavior that protects the environment.

Concrete operational stage

Third stage of piaget’s theory, between to 7 to 11, where children develop the ability to think logicaly about concrete events and objects.

Formal operational stage

Final stage of piaget’s theory, from 12 to adulthood, defined by the development of abstract thought, hypothetical reasoning, and the ability to systematically solve problems.

Lev Vygotsky

Known for his work on psychological development in children and creating the framework known as cultural-historical activity theory

Scaffold

A teaching and learning strategy where a more knowledgeable person provides temporary support to a learner to help them master a new skill

Theory of mind

the cognitive ability to attribute mental states—such as beliefs, desires, intentions, and knowledge—to oneself and others

language

the study of the connection between language and the mind, focusing on how people acquire, use, and comprehend language

Noam Chomsky

Known for the concept of universal grammar, which states that language is innate

Phoneme

the study of how the brain perceives and processes the smallest units of sound in a language, fundamental to understanding speech

Research methods

systematic techniques used to collect and analyze data to answer research questions

Morpheme

the smallest meaningful units of language, significant for understanding how people process and acquire language.

Grammar

linked through the study of how language is acquired, processed, and represented in the brain, exploring the debate between innate abilities and learned behavior

Universal Grammar

suggests humans are born with an innate ability to acquire language

Babbling Stage

a crucial period of language development, typically occurring between 4 and 10 months of age, where infants experiment with speech sounds

one-word stage

a phase of early language development where children use single words to communicate entire ideas

two-word stage

a phase in early language development, occurring around 18 to 24 months of age, where a child combines two words to form simple sentences or phrases

Telegraphic speech

a normal stage of language development in toddlers where they speak in short, simple phrases that omit unnecessary words, similar to a telegram

aphasia

Language disorder, that affects the ability to express and comprehend language.

Paul Broca

famous for his discovery of Broca's area in the left frontal lobe, a region critical for language production

Broca’s Area

a region in the brain, located in the left frontal lobe, that is crucial for language production, responsible for the motor planning and execution of speech.

Carl Wernicke

famous for his work on language and the brain, particularly the discovery of the brain region responsible for language comprehension

Wernicke’s area

involves processing the meaning of spoken and written language and is intimately connected with Broca's area, which handles speech production

Linguistic Determinism

the idea that language structures completely determine how people think and perceive reality

Benjamin Lee Whorf

believed that the structures of different languages shape how their speakers perceive and conceptualize the world

linguistic determinism

the idea that language structures completely determine how people think and perceive reality

ecological systems theory

A theory of the social environment’s influence on human development, using five nested system (microsystem; mesosystem; exosystem; macrosystem; chronosystem) ranging from direct to indirect influences.

Stranger Anxiety

the fear or distress an infant or young child feels when approached by an unfamiliar person

attachment

a theory that explores how early emotional bonds between infants and caregivers shape an individual's ability to form relationships throughout life

Margaret and Harry Harlow

known for his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys, which manifested the importance of caregiving and companionship to social and cognitive development

Imprinting

where a young animal or human forms a strong emotional bond with the first individual or object they encounter during a specific critical period

Konrad Lorenz

known for the scientific study of animal behavior, whose work heavily influenced psychology, particularly through his concept of imprinting

Mary Ainsworth

known for her work in the development of the attachment theory

Strange situation

A procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child’s reactions are observed.

Secure attatchent

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver’s return.

insecure attatchment

demonstrated by infants who display a clinging, anxious a; an avoidant attachment that resists closeness; or a disorganized attachment with no consistent behavior when separated from or reunited with caregivers.

temperamnet

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Erik Erikson

pioneered the study of the human life cycle. He's best known for his theory of psychosocial development, which proposes that people progress through eight stages of life, each marked by a specific psychological conflict

Basic trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

Diana Baumrind

an American clinical and developmental psychologist known for her research on parenting styles and for her critique of the use of deception in psychological research

identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

social identity

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

intimacy

In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood.

emerging adulthood

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many persons in prosperous Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independents as adults.

social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.