Exam 2

how many species on planet

8.7 million

how many species on planet plus microbes

1 trillion

scientists use __ to estimate total species diversity

rarefaction curves

T/F all species rely on energy from sun

F

organisms near hydrothermal vents rely on

chemosynthesis

4 species concepts

morphological, biological, phylogenetic, ecological

morphological species concept

ind. of same species look lake

biological species concept

ind. of the same species can interbreed and produce infertile offspring

phylogenetic species concept

ind. same species all possess combination of defining traits

ecological species concept

ind. same species share same ecological requirements

which species concept do people use

biological species concept

5 pre zygotic isolating mechanisms

habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic

pre-zygotic habitat isolating

different habitats

pre-zygotic temporal isolating

mates at different times

pre-zygotic behavioral isolating

different courtship

pre-zygotic mechanical isolating

anatomical differences

pre-zygotic gametic isolating

gametes dont work together

3 post zygotic isolating mechanisms

reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown

Suppose you re studying several different greasses. There are some physical differences between them but they alos ac ismilaryly in terms of th eleves of oxygen the y produce. Which species concepts are you using

ecological, morphological

speciation is the outcome of both __ and __

isolation, divergence

2 types of specieation

allopatric, sympatric

sympatric isolation

populations interact but disruptive selection results in 2 sub populations

why is sympatric speciation difficult

difficult to reduce gene flow if pop. interact

sympatric speciation can occur by

polyploidy

polyploidy is common with

plants

divergence occurs from 3 processes taking place

mutation, gene drift, NS

secondary contact

populations meet again after isolation

secondary contact leads to 2 things

successful/ unsuccessful reproductions

successful reproduction means

still 1 species

What are the features of prokaryotes that enables then to adapt so quickly

a. short generation

b. genetic diversity

c. ability transfer adv. alleles

d. rapid proliferation (inc. mutation)

E all

E

In what type pf environment would you find extreme halophiles living

salt water

Since flagella of bacteria, archae, and eukaryotes arose independently, they are considered __ structures

analogous

T/F eukaryotes are smaller

F

T/F prokaryotes are unicellular or multicellular

F

T/F prokaryotes have a nucleus

F

T/F prokaryotes have circular DNA and plasmids

T

T/F prokaryotes have a cell wall

T

T/F prokaryotes have capsules that promote them to cling to others

T

what are more likely to live in extreme environments

Archaea

acidophilus live in

low pH

halophiles live in

high salt

thermophiles live in

high heat

3 important characteristics of bacteria and archaea

small, asexual reproduction, rapid reproduction

B/A size

0.5-2 micron

small cells depend on

diffusion

SA is __, volume is __

2, 3

when volume is too large relative to SA then

may be rod shaped

a nutations advantage is __ with the amount of time it takes

inversely proportional

an high advantage mutations takes

short time

because mutations constantly occur…

fitness decreases (lots mutations are harmful)

horizontal gene transfer btwn…, and why

2 organisms dont share a relationship, bring new biological function

what is a eukaryote

organisms with enclosed nucleus

3 domains of life

eukarya, archaea, bacteria

early evolution of eukaryotes had 3 features

multicellular, sexual life cycle, eukaryotic photosynthesis

autogenous hypothesis

formed things itself

endosymbiotic hypothesis

ate mitochondria and chloroplasts

mitochondria and chloroplasts have

own DNA

the first multicellular forms were…, in forms of

colonies, filaments, balls, sheets

4 subgroups of eukaryotes are shown dividing at the same time form same ancestor because

not well known

4 subgroups of eukaryotes

excavate, SAR, archaeplastids, unikonta

excavates…, mouth…, monophyletic group includes

clade of protists characterized by cytoskeletons, have a feeding groove, diplomonads, parabasalids, and euglenzoans

SAR

wide diversity

archaeplastids decedents…., includes

photosynthetic descendants evolved into algae, algae and land plants

plastids arose when…

heterotrophic protists acquired cyanobacteria endosymbiont

unikonts include…, 2 major clades

animals, fungi, protists, amoebozoans and opisthokonts

which of the following is a mechanism which can cause 2 populations to genetically diverge?

alleles drift to fixation

land plants evolved from freshwater __ species

green algae

4 obstacles to plants living on land

gravity, desiccation, reproduction w/o water, obtain water/nutrients

4 major groups of plants

bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms

bryophytes 3 clades

liverworts, mosses, hornworts

bryophytes root like structures

rhizoids

bryophytes are tall/short, T/F need water to reproduce

short, t

SVP first lacked __

seeds

2 clades fo SVP

lycophytes (mosses) monilophytes (ferns)

SVP still need __ for reproduction

moisture

SVP have 2 types of vascular tissue

xylem and phloem

xylem do what

conducts water and minerals

phloem do what

tubular cells distribute sugar, AA, and others

roots

anchor, and water/nutrient absorption

leaves

photosynthetic organ

SVP abundant is __ period

carboniferous

what is a seed

embryo, food, and protective coat

gymnosperms have

naked seeds

angiosperms have

seeds inside ovaries

angiosperms produce reproductive structures called

flowers/fruits

90% of all plants are

angiosperms

meiosis —> fertilization

gametophyte, n, spore—> gamete

fertilization —> meiosis

sporophyte, 2n, zygote

all __ are __, but not all __ are __

mushrooms fungi, fungi mushrooms

what is the fruit of the fungi

mushroom

what are fungi more closely related to

animals

what is a mycorrhiza

symbiotic relationship btwn fungus and plant

mycorrhiza exchange what

water, sugar, nutrients

T/F plants communicates through fungi networks

T

5 uses of fungi

medicines, farming, food, styrofoam, anti-pest

T/F plants do alternation of generations

T

T/F coadaptation = coevolution

F

Darwin and walace hypothesized

reciprocal selection

wasserthal hypothesized

adaptation avoid predators, responses evolution

angiosperms pollen can be transferred by

wind, water animals