anatomy and physiology chapter 7

Bone structures types, match, but give an example

Long-long axes and expanded ends(femur)

Short-equal lengths and widths(carpal)

Flat-plate like with bread surfaces(ribs)

Irregular-variety of shapes; connect to other bones(coccyx)

Epiphysis

Expanded portion at each end

Diaphysis

Long part of the bone, in between epiphysis

Epiphyseal line

Region where the two fuse together during growth, a.k.a. growth plate

Periosteum

Tough, dense connective tissue that surrounds the bone

Medullary Cavity

Hollow chamber filled with bone marrow

Osteocytes

Bone cells found in chambers

Inorganic salts

Mostly calcium phosphate, provides hardness and resistance to crushing

Intramembranous Bones

Forms connective, tissue, in the fetus, filled with dense blood vessels, cells turn into osteoblast and osteocytes, these cells give rise to periosteum

Endochondral Bones

Most bones start as this, cartilage, starts as diaphysis, then develops into Epiphysis

Factors that affect bone growth and development

Nutrition – vitamin D is needed for calcium absorption in small intestines

Hormonal secretions – growth hormones to stimulate division of cartilage cells, sex hormones to stimulate ossification of epi plates

Physical exercise – muscles pulling on bones, stimulates the bone tissue to thicken and strengthen

Types of fractures

Greenstick– incomplete, in children, the bones are not yet solid, and when force is applied, it tends to bow and not break completely through

Fissured– incomplete, longitudinal break

Comminuted– complete, breaks into fragments

Transverse– complete, break travels across the bone

Oblique– occurs at an angle to the bone

Spiral – caused by excessive twisting of the bone; spirals down the length of the bone

two major portions of skeletal system

Axial-skull(cranium + facial), hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage

Appendicular – pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

Sutures

Immovable joints, in the skull, as babies, we are born with soft spots and our bones in the skull haven’t fused yet, then when we start to get older, our bones start to fuse, and the fusion in between the bones is called sutures

Types of joints

Cartilaginous joints – connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage, allowing some movement

Fibrous joints – between bones that closely contact each other, held together by thin layer of dense connective tissue

Synovial joints – most complex, most joints, allowing for free movement, and they hold the bones together

Bone spurs

Osteophytes, occur when the body grows small projections on the edges of bones

Plantar fasciitis

Common cause of heel pain, inflammation of the plantar fascia, walking can be painful

Osteoporosis

Increased activity of osteoclasts causes a breakdown of bone, and bones become more fragile

Rheumatoid arthritis

Is an auto immune disease which causes joint stiffness and bone deformity

Rickets

These preventable bone disease affects young children, and is caused by a deficiency of the nutrient vitamin D. Rickets causes weak, brittle bones, that fracture easily and bone and muscle pain

Nursemaid’s elbow

A partial bone dislocation

Abnormalities of the spine

Kyphosis is a hunchback curve

lordosis is a sway back in the lower region

Ankylosis is a severe arthritis in the spine and the vertebrae fuse

Scoliosis is a sideways curve in your back bone

Osteosarcoma

Most common bone, cancer, mostly affects the long bones, most commonly affects teenagers in young adults