Anatomy and Physiology Lecture Unit #2

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122 Terms

1

Histology

Study of structure and function of tissues

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Tissue Types

  • Epithelium

  • Connective

  • Muscle

  • Neural

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Epithelium/Epithelial Tissue Characteristics (1)

  • Cover structure, lines body cavities and hollow organs

  • Has free surface and basement membrane

  • Connective tissues lies below the basement membrane

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Epithelium/Epithelial Tissue Characteristics (2)

  • Nonvascular

  • Little intercellular (between cells) material, tightly packed

  • Rapid healing, frequent cell replacement

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Epithelium/Epithelial Tissue Functions

  • Absorption: epithelial cells absorb nutrients from food

  • Secretion: cell releases substance

  • Excretion: excess substance cell needs to get rid of

  • Diffusion: cells can move one way or another

  • Protection

  • Distention: specialized for being stretched

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Epithelium/Epithelial Tissue Classification

  • Simple: 1 cell layer (can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar)

  • Stratified: 2 or more cell layers (can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar)

  • Pseudo-Stratified Columnar: simple but looks stratified (columnar)

  • Transitional: number of layers depend on stretching (no cell shape)

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Epithelial Cell Shape

  • Squamous

  • Cuboidal

  • Columnar

  • Stratified epithelium

  • (Squamous) Flat and pancake-shaped

  • (Cuboidal) Tall as wide (square)

  • (Columnar) Taller than wide (rectangle standing up)

  • (Stratified) Cell shape term refers to free surface

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Connective Tissue Characteristics

  • Abundant intercellular material called matrix

  • Matrix contains ground substance and fibers

  • Generally vascular

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Cells

(cyte - name of cell type)

  • Fibroblasts: produce fibers

  • Macrophages: phagocytes

  • Adipocytes: in adipose

  • Chondrocytes: in cartilage

  • Osteocytes: in bone

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Fibers

  • Collagenous: collagen protein - strong

  • Elastic: elastin protein - stretchy

  • Reticular: collagen protein - branching

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Ground Substance

  • Gel-like

  • Reduced

  • Firm-solid: solid but flexible

  • Hard-solid: solid can’t bend

  • Fluid: plasma (blood)

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Epithelia

  • Simple Squamous Epithelium

    • Locations

    • Functions

  • Locations: lines alveoli, forms capillary walls, lines blood and lymph vessels, covers body cavity membranes

  • Functions: Diffusion (gases), filtration, decrease friction (smooth)

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Epithelia

  • Stratified Squamous Epithelium

    • Locations

    • Functions

    • Features

  • Locations: surface of skin, linings of oral cavity, vagina, anal canal, and part of pharynx (where swallowing occurs)

  • Functions: Protection

  • Features: May be non-keratinizing (alive, moist) or keratinizing (dry, dead cells filled with keratin protein that makes skin waterproof)

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Epithelia

  • Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

    • Locations

    • Functions

  • Locations: covers ovaries, lines kidney tubules and ducts of many glands

  • Functions: Absorption, secretion (release of cell product), excretion (cell waste)

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Epithelia

  • Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

    • Locations

    • Functions

  • Locations: linings of larger ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas

  • Functions: protection, secretion

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Transitional Epithelium

  • Locations:

  • Functions:

  • Locations: lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

  • Functions: protection, distention

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Epithelia

  • Simple Columnar Epithelium

    • Locations

    • Functions

    • Features

  • Locations: lines uterus, stomach, intestines, uterine tubes

  • Functions: secretion, absorption, protection production of movement (move an egg into tube)

  • Features: may have cilia for movement or microvilli for absorption (brush border), and mucus secreting goblet cells

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Epithelia

  • Stratified Columnar Epithelium

    • Locations

    • Functions

  • Locations: lining ductus deferens, part of male urethra, part of pharnyx

  • Functions: protection, secretion

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Epithelia

  • Pseudo-stratified Columnar Epithelium

    • Locations

    • Functions

    • Features

  • Locations: lines respiratory passages

  • Functions: protection, secretion, production of movement

  • Features: may be ciliated with mucus secreting goblet cells

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Connective

  • Areolar

    • Locations

    • Functions

  • Locations: below skin and below basement membrane of most epithelia

  • Functions: binds structures

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Connective

  • Adipose

    • Locations

    • Functions

  • Locations: beneath skin, between muscles, around kidneys and heart, behind eyes, in abdominal membranes

  • Functions: adipocytes accumulate triglycerides for energy storage, insulation, and protection

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Connective

  • Reticular Connective

    • Locations

    • Functions

  • Locations: liver, spleen, lymph nodes

  • Functions: structural support

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Connective

  • Dense Connective Tissue

    • Locations

    • Functions

    • Features

  • Locations: regular (tendons, ligaments) irregular (dermis of the skin)

  • Functions: provides strength

  • Features: regular is slow to heal because it is mainly nonvascular (poor blood supply), irregular is vascular

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Connective

  • Elastic Connective

    • Locations

    • Functions

  • Locations: walls of larger arteries, heart chambers, and larger airways, and between vertebrae

  • Functions: provides strength with elasticity

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Connective

  • Blood

    • Locations:

    • Functions:

    • Features:

  • Locations: Cardiovascular System

  • Functions: transport, protection from infection, prevention of blood loss

  • Features: formed elements (cells) in plasma (matrix)

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Connective

  • Hyaline Cartilage

    • Locations:

    • Functions:

    • Features:

  • Locations: ends of bones, tracheal rings, bone models in fetus and child

  • Functions: support, bone development

  • Feature of all Cartilage: chondrocytes occupy lacunae (caves), tissue is nonvascular but surrounded by vascular perichondrium (region around cartilage)

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Connective

  • Elastic Cartilage

    • Locations:

    • Functions:

  • Locations: external ears, part of larynx

  • Functions: support with elasticity

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Connective

  • Fibrocartilage

    • Locations:

    • Functions:

  • Locations: intervertebral disks (cushion), menisci of knee joints

  • Functions: support with increased strength and durability (strongest of cartilages)

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Connective

  • Bone

    • Locations:

    • Functions:

    • Features:

  • Locations: skeleton

  • Functions: support, protection, attachment sites for muscles, mineral storage

  • Features: osteocytes occupy lacunae (bone cells live in caves). Compact bone has osteons with central canals, lamellae, and canailiculi

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Gland Classification

  • Endocrine Glands:

  • Exocrine Glands:

  • Endocrine Glands: secrete products directly into blood or tissue fluid (hormones)

  • Exocrine Glands: secrete products directly onto a surface, usually via ductE

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Exocrine divided into 3

  • Cell Number

  • Structural Complexity

  • Method of Secretion

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Exocrine

  • Cell Number

  • Unicellular (goblet cell)

  • Multicellular

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Exocrine

  • Structural Complexity

  • Simple (duct does not branch)

  • Compound (duct branches)

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Exocrine

  • Method of Secretion

  • Merocrine (cellular secretion/exocytosis)

  • Apocrine (cell apex (top) breaks off)

  • Holocrine (gland releases whole cells which disintegrate)

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Types of Membranes

  • Serous membranes

    • Locations:

    • Secretion:

    • Tissues:

  • Line and cover organs within the ventral cavity

  • Secretion: serous fluid

  • Tissues: simple squamous mesothelium, areolar

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Types of Membranes

  • Mucous membranes

    • Locations:

    • Secretion:

    • Tissues:

  • Locations: line cavities that open to the outside of the body

  • Secretion: mucus

  • Tissues: various epithelia, areolar

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Types of Membranes

  • Synovial membranes

    • Locations:

    • Secretion:

    • Tissues:

Locations: line cavities of freely movable joints

Secretion: synovial fluid (lubrication)

Tissues: areolar, adipose

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Types of Membranes

  • Cutaneous membrane, integumentary membrane, integument, skin

    • Locations:

    • Secretion:

    • Tissues:

Locations: Covers the body

Secretion: sweat, sebum (oil)

Tissues: stratified squamous, epithelium, areolar, irregular dense connective

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Integumentary System

  • Cutaneous membrane (skin)

- Accessory structures/organs:

  • Hair follicles

  • Sebaceous glands

  • Nails

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Epidermis (—- layer of skin)

  • Thickness?

  • Superficial layer of skin

  • 0.08-0.5 mm thick

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Strata

  • Stratum basale: single layer of cuboidal or columnar stem cells

  • Stratum spinosum: 8-10 layers of flatter cells, some of which are stem cells

  • Stratum granulosum: missing in thin areas

  • Stratum lucidum: only in palms and soles

  • Stratum corneum: 15-30 layers of flattened, dead, keratinized cells

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Epidermis

  • Cell Types

  • Keratinocytes: produce keratin

  • Melanocytes: produce melanin

  • Dendritic cells: protect against microorganisms and superficial cancers

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Epidermis

  • Keratinization

  • Keratinocytes produce and accumulate keratin and eventually die as they are pushed away from the blood vessels of the dermis and toward the skin surface by the reproductive actions of the cells of the strata basale and spinosum

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Epidermis

  • Epidermal Ridges

  • Are present on hands and feet to increase friction

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Skin Color

  • 3 pigments responsible for skin color

  • Melanin

  • Hemoglobin

  • Carotene

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Melanin

  • (Brown, yellow-brown, black) produced by melanocytes in the epidermis

    - people have similar numbers of melanocytes but differ in their activity level

    - production promoted by UV radiation

    - protects DNA molecules in deeper cells from UV radiation

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Hemoglobin

(Bright red, dark red) in red blood cells in the dermis

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Carotene

(Orange-yellow) from vegetables can accumulate in the epidermis and in subcutaneous adipose

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Dermis (deep layer of skin)

  • Tissues

  • Areolar - papillary layer

  • Dense irregular connective - reticular layer

  • 1-2 mm thick

  • Dermal papillae contain capillary loops and sensory receptors

  • Highly vascular

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Hypodermis

  • Region below skin

  • Areolar and adipose tissue

  • Separates skin from underlying structures

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Integumentary System Accessory Organs

  • Hair Follicles

  • follicle wall formed from epidermal cells

  • usually associated with an arrector pilli muscle (makes hair stand up)

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Integumentary System Accessory Organs

  • Sebaceous Glands

  • holocrine glands that secrete sebum for lubrication, moisture, and protection from bacterial infection

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Integumentary System Accessory Organs (1)

  • Sweat Glands: Apocrine

Apocrine (body odor)

  • mainly located in axillae and pubic region

  • secrete into hair follicles

  • holocrine glands with secretion that may function in olfactory communication

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Integumentary System Accessory Organs (2)

  • Sweat Glands: Merocrine

  • found in most areas of skin

  • secrete onto skin’s surface

  • secretion functions in thermoregulation and protection from bacterial infection

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Functions of Integumentary System

  • protects underlying tissue and organs against impact, abrasion, fluid loss, chemical attack, and infection by pathogens

  • excrete salts, water, and organic wastes by integumentary glands (sweat glands)

  • maintain normal body temp (insulation, evaporative cooling)

  • produce melanin, protects underlying tissue (and their DNA) from UV radiation

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Functions of Integumentary System

  • produces keratin, protects against abrasion and serves as water repellant

  • synthesize vitamin D3, steroid converted to calcitriol, hormone important to normal calcium metabolism

  • store lipids in adipocytes in dermis and adipose tissue in hypo-dermis

  • detect touch, pressure, pain, and temp stimuli, relay that info to nervous system

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Organs of Skeletal System?

  • bone and joints

  • each bone and joint is considered an organ because it consists of more than 1 type of tissue

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Functions of Skeletal System

  • support

  • store minerals and lipids

  • produce blood cells

  • protection

  • leverage

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Bone classification by shape

  • Long: large limb bones (femur or thighbone)

  • Short: wrist and ankle bones (carpal or wrist bone)

  • Flat: sternum and cranium bones (parietal bone from roof of skull)

  • Irregular: vertebrae and facial bones (sphenoid bone from skull)

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Parts of a Long Bone

  • Diaphysis (pl. diaphyses)

  • Metaphysis (pl. metaphyses)

  • Epiphysis (pl. epiphyses)

  • Articular cartilage - hyaline cartilage (decreases friction)

  • Periosteum - covers outer surface

  • Medullary cavity

  • Endospeum - lines all internal cavities

  • Compact bone - diaphysis and surface of epiphyses

  • Spongy bone - cores of epiphyses

  • Marrow

    - Red: blood cell production

    - Yellow: adipose for energy storage

<ul><li><p>Diaphysis (pl. diaphyses)</p></li><li><p>Metaphysis (pl. metaphyses)</p></li><li><p>Epiphysis (pl. epiphyses)</p></li><li><p>Articular cartilage - hyaline cartilage (decreases friction)</p></li><li><p>Periosteum - covers outer surface</p></li><li><p>Medullary cavity</p></li><li><p>Endospeum - lines all internal cavities</p></li><li><p>Compact bone - diaphysis and surface of epiphyses</p></li><li><p>Spongy bone - cores of epiphyses</p></li><li><p>Marrow</p><p>- Red: blood cell production</p><p>- Yellow: adipose for energy storage</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Bone Tissue Structure: Compact Bone

  • osteon = central canal + concentric lamellae

  • lamellae may also be circumferential or interstitial

  • osteocytes live in lacunae

  • canaliculi connect neighboring lacunae

  • perforating canals connect central canal

<ul><li><p>osteon = central canal + concentric lamellae</p></li><li><p>lamellae may also be circumferential or interstitial</p></li><li><p>osteocytes live in lacunae</p></li><li><p>canaliculi connect neighboring lacunae </p></li><li><p>perforating canals connect central canal</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Bone Tissue Structure: Spongy Bone

  • Trabeculae

  • Canaliculi

  • Trabeculae are small interconnecting bars or plates containing osteocytes in lacunae and lamellae

  • Canaliculi open onto surface of each trabecula which supply nutrients to the osteocytes

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Joints =

Articulations (where bones connect)

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Joints are…

  • Classified to extent of movement

  • Synarthrosis: no movement (red)

  • Amiphiarthrosis: slight movement (yellow)

  • Diarthrosis: free movement (green)

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Joints are…

  • Classified according to articulating tissue

    - Fibrous (ligaments)

  • Syndesmosis: interosseous [between bone] ligament (yellow)

  • Suture: sutural ligament (red)

  • Gomphosis: periodontal ligament (red)

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Joints are…

  • Classified according to articulating tissue

    - Cartilaginous (cartilage)

  • Synchondrosis: hyaline cartilage (red)

  • Symphysis: hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage disc (yellow)

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Joints are…

  • Classified according to articulating tissue

    - Synovial (joint capsule)

  • Classified according to shapes of the articulating surfaces

  • Ball and socket (hip joint)

  • Conclyloid

  • Gliding

  • Hinge (elbow, knee)

  • Pivot (rotational) (neck)

  • Saddle

<ul><li><p>Ball and socket (hip joint)</p></li><li><p>Conclyloid</p></li><li><p>Gliding</p></li><li><p>Hinge (elbow, knee)</p></li><li><p>Pivot (rotational) (neck)</p></li><li><p>Saddle</p></li></ul><p></p>
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  • Synovial Joint Structure

  • Articular cartilage

  • Joint capsule

    - Fibrous layer (dense regular connective) that is continuous with periostium

  • Synovial membrane (areolar) that secretes synovial fluid for lubrication and cushioning

<ul><li><p>Articular cartilage</p></li><li><p>Joint capsule</p><p>- Fibrous layer (dense regular connective) that is continuous with periostium</p></li><li><p>Synovial membrane (areolar) that secretes synovial fluid for lubrication and cushioning</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Synovial Joint Structure

  • Ligaments

  • Ligaments: bind bones together and limit movement

  • Some are part of the fibrous layer, some are separate, some run w

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Synovial Joint Structure

  • Menisci

  • Bursae

  • Menisci: fibrocartilage pads between articulating surfaces that pr

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Contains thing, branching fibers and is found within the liven, spleen, and lymph nodes

Reticular Connective

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Forms the lining of the urinary bladder

Transitional epithelium

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Supports the external ear

Elastic cartilage

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Lines some respiratory passages (ex. trachea), appears multilayered but is not

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

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Forms the superficial layer of the skin

Stratified squamous epithelium

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Lines the larger ducts of several glands and has several layers of cells that are about as tall as they are wide

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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Lines the vas deferens and part of the male urethra and has several layers of cells with those at the apical surface being taller than they are wide

Stratified columnar epithelium

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Forms the intervertebral disks

Fibrocartilage

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Binds the skin to underlying organs and contains both collagenous and elastic fibers

Areolar

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Forms tendons and ligaments

Dense regular connective

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Forms the walls of capillaries and linings of other blood vessels

Simple squamous epithelium

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Allows the larger arteries and the chambers of the heart to expand and recoil

Elastic connective

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Found beneath the skin and around the heart and kidneys. Also stores energy in triglycerides

Adipose

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Lines the stomach and uterus

Simple columnar epithelium

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Covers the ovaries and lines kidney tubules and the ducts of many glands

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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Covers the ends of bones where they articulate

Hyaline cartilage

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The basic structural unit for compact bone

Osteon

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The basic structural unit for spongy bone

Trabecula

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Cavity whereto find a bone cell

Lacunae

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Name for a bone cell

Osteocyte

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Matrix layer in compact bone

Lamella

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Contains blood vessels and nerve fibers

Central canal

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Term for an end of a long bone

Epiphysis

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Term for the central shaft of a long bone

Diaphysis

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Decreases friction on the surface of a bone at a joint

Articular cartilage

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Covers a bone

Periosteum

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Contains yellow bone marrow in an adult

Medullary cavity

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Fills the cores of a long bone’s ends

Spongy bone

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Forms the wall of a long bone’s shaft and the surface of it’s ends

Compact bone

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Lines the cavity in a long bone’s shaft

Endosteum

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