Chapter 16 - World War I

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4 causes of WW1:

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Why were France and Germany enemies?

Because Germany forced France to give up territory along the German border.

Why was the Triple Alliance formed?

Because Germany wanted to protect itself from France.
- It alarmed Russian leaders, who feared that Germany intended to expand eastward.

Countries in the Triple Alliance:

• Germany

• Italy

• Austria-Hungary

Countries in the Triple Entente:

• Britain

• France

• Russia

What do nationalists care about?

Promoting their homeland's culture and interests.

Self Determination

The idea that you could control your own destiny.

Who wanted independence from the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire?

National groups like the South Slavs (Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, and Slovenes).

What action by Austria-Hungary outraged the Serbs?

Austria-Hungary had annexed Bosnia.

What happened to Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie?

They were short dead by Gavrilo Princip while visiting the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo in June 1914.

What happened on July 28th?

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

What did Russia do in response to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia.

They immediately mobilized their army, including troops stationed on the German border.

What caused Britain to declare war on Germany?

When German forces crossed into Belgium.

Countries in the Central Powers:

• Germany

• Austria-Hungary

• Ottoman Empire

• Bulgaria

Countries in the Allied Powers:

• Britian

• France

• Russia

• Italy (joined later)

What was the U.S's position at the outbreak of WWI?

They were neutral.

Who supported the Central Powers?

• German Americans

• Irish Americans

Who supported the Allied Powers?

• The general American public

• All except one of President Wilson's cabinet

• U.S. military leaders

How did the British use propaganda to influence opinion?

They cut the transatlantic telegraph cable from Europe to the U.S. so that most war news would be based on British reports.
- This swayed the American public's opinion in favor of the Allies.

What decision by Germany (which violated an international treaty) angered Americans?

Their decision to use U-boats to sink any ship in the water around Britain without any warning.

Impact of the sinking of the Lusitania:

It turned U.S's attitudes against the Germans.
- Germany then stopped unrestricted submarine warfare for a while before starting again.

Zimmermann Telegram

Stated if Mexico became allies with Germany in war against the US, it would regain the lost territory from the Mexican-American War (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona) after the war.

- Made it clear to the U.S. that war with Germany was necessary.

3 reasons why the U.S entered WWI:

• Connection to the Allies

• Unrestricted submarine warfare

• Zimmermann Telegram

Purpose of the War Industries Board

To coordinate the production of war materials.

Purpose of the Food Administration

To increase food production while reducing civilian consumption.
- it was run by Herbert Hoover

Purpose of the Fuel Administration

To manage the use of coal and oil to conserve energy.

What else did the U.S. do to raise money for the war effort?

Taxes and Liberty Bonds.

Why was the National War Labor Board (NWLB) established?

To prevent strikes from disrupting the war effort.

Women in the workforce...

proved that they were capable of holding jobs that people believed only men could do.

The Great Migration did what 2 things to the north?

Changed its racial markup of Northern cities and eventually changed politics.

What did Mexicans do after migrating North?

They helped provide labor for farmers and ranchers, as well as work in factories.

Why did president Wilson create the Committee on Public Information (CPI)

To help sway public opinion in favor of the war.

Espionage Act of 1917

Made it illegal to aid the enemy, give false reports, or interfere with the war effort.

What did the Selective Service Act of 1917 require?

It required all men between ages 21 and 30 to register for draft.

What was the death and casualty rate for Americans?

More than 50,000 died in combat, over 200,000 were wounded, and 60,000 died from disease.

What was the role of women in the military during WWI?

They performed clerical duties, served as radio operators, electricians, pharmacists, etc, and worked as nurses.

What was still significant of the military?

It was still segregated.

What did both sides use in trenches to guard the enemy?

Barbed wire and machine guns.

Why did both sides create trenches?

To protect themselves from artillery.

What was the result of the Trench Warfare?

A loss of hundreds of thousands of men and a stalemate on the Western Front.

Which technology was perhaps the most significant technological advance during WW1 and caused the most deaths?

Machine Guns

Impact of poison gas

Caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation.
- Both sides developed gas masks to counter flames.

Impact of tanks

Could crush barbed wire and cross trenches, but weren't as advanced yet.

Impact of airplanes

Used to spy on enemy, drop bombs and bricks on enemy, and shoot down other airplanes.
- Early military aircraft were difficult to fly and easy to destroy.

Why was the arrival of the Americans important to the Allies?

The Americans were fresh and eager to fight, despite being inexperienced.

How did Americans help win the war at sea?

They proposed that merchant chips and troops transport in convoys. Convoys greatly reduced shipping losses and ensured that American troops arrived safely in time to help the Allies on the Western Front.

Why was the Russian Revolution and Vladimir Lenin so important to the Germans?

That's because after Lenin took over the throne, he pulled Russia out of the war and concentrated on establishing a Communist state. Lenin later agreed to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, where Russia gave up Ukraine, its Polish and Baltic territories, and Finland. With the Eastern Front settled, Germany could now concentrate its forces in the west.

What was Pershing's response when the French and British asked the AEF to integrate into their units?

Pershing had refused.

What was the result of Germany's last peace offensive?

The American and French troops had held their ground - still maintaining their positions.

What was the result of the Battle of Argonne Forest?

The Germans had suffered heavy casualties. However, the Americans had opened a hole on the eastern flank of the German lines, and all across the Western Front, the Germans had begun to retreat.

Armistice

A temporary agreement to end fighting.

Main points of the Treaty of Versailles

• Blame

• Reparations

• Army

• Territories

What new innovations/inventions were used for the first time in WW1?

• Trench system

• Machine guns

• Tanks

• Poison gas

In what country did bread riots break out during WW1?

Russa

What famous revolutionary leader returned home to Russia with the help of the German gov't?

Vladimir Lenin

What type of gov't did Lenin and the Bolsheviks hope to make in Russia?

Communist

Which country entered the war shortly before Lenin and Russia dropped out in 1917?

The U.S.

What happened on November 11, 1918 at 11:00 AM?

The Germans had formally surrendered and the war had officially ended.

What troubles did the US soldiers face upon returning home?

• Experienced post-war trauma and anxiety.

• Had no more connection with the gov't and were on their own.

How many soldiers died in WW1?

9 million