APUSH Chapter 38 "The 1970s"

watergate goes crazy and we as a society need the Warren Court back

Nixon’s View on Foreign Affairs

Balancing power while also securing the most advantageous agreements

Henry Kissinger

Nixon’s Sec of State. V shady, secret meetings with NV. Shared Nixon’s view of foreign affairs.

Nixon’s 3 Main Foreign Affair Goals

1. Recognize the People’s Republic of China

2. Reducing the rivalry with USSR

3. Sought to stabilize relations w/ Communist world by w/drawing from Vietnam

Shanghai Communiqué

During Nixon’s trip to China, smoothed relations w/ the nations, agreeing that they would have a “normal relationship”

“China card”

Nixon played the _____ to help improve relations w/ the USSR

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)

Helped to slow the nuclear arms race by freezing the number of long range nuclear missiles for 5 years

ABM Treaty

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (a little complicated but basically decreased the number of missiles that could theoretically destroy other nations’ missiles)

Détente

Easing tensions, not friendship or alliance

• best described US’ new relations with China and the USSR

Space Race

Ended when US landed on the moon (“One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”)

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

5 nuclear nations promised to pursue disarmament & nations who didn’t have them promised not to acquire them

Berlin Accords

US, GB, USSR, & France would formally recognize the 2 separate German nations

“judicial activism”

Nixon lashed out at the _____ of the SC, when they intervened to defend individual rights against state control

Mapp v. Ohio

Ruled that evidence collected illegally couldn’t be used against an accused criminal

Gideon v. Wainwright

Suspectsin criminal cases who couldn’t afford a lawyer had the right to free legal aid

Escobedo (1964) & Miranda (1966)

Both cases ensured the right of the accused to remain silent and other protections

Miranda Warning

Ensured by the SC case Miranda (1966) ("You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can be used against you in a court of law. etc etc”)

Engel v. Vitale

Forbade prayer in public school

Griswold v. Conneticut

Struck down state laws that prohibited the use of contraceptives

• Proclaimed a “right to privacy” wh/ would influence abortion rights!

Warren E. Burger

Nixon promoted as chief justice. Under him, the SC continued the ideas of the Warren Court

Roe v. Wade

Legalized abortions, decided by the SC in 1973 under Warren E. Buger’s court, but the Warren Court laid the foundation for its passing.

Nixon’s Domestic Ideas

Largely followed with the 60’s era of gov’t activism (surprisingly)

• Increased funding for food stamps, Medicaid, and Aid to Families w/ Dependent Children (AFDC)

• Started Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

Philadelphia Plan

Program that required construction trade unions to work towards hiring more black apprentices.

• Altered LBJ’s concept of “affirmative action” to focus on groups rather than individuals.

Required thousands of emplyers to establish “set asides” for minority subcontractors

Griggs v. Duke Power Company

(SC going in favor w/ going after discrimination fo groups) SC prohibited intelligence tests or other devices that had the effect of excluding minorities or women from certain jobs.

• Ensured that the only way to avoid charges of discrimination was to hire or admit minorities to your job or school

“Southern Strategy”

Deliberately seeking to convert white Southern Dems into Republicans by promising conservative social measures

“Middle America”

Suburban blue collar voters who were unhappy with Democrats

New Federalism

Nixon ignored troubled cities and tilted federal assistance to suburbs

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Ed

SC upheld cross city busing to achieve racial integration of public schools (much resistance in v white areas)

1969 Tinker v. Des Moines (Still Warren Court so out of chronology here)

(don’t have to know but why is this not in the textbook?? but it doesn’t even have ruby bridges or more than two mentions of alice paul so are we really surprised)

• the Supreme Court's majority ruled that neither students nor teachers “shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.”

• cemented students' rights to free speech in public schools. Mary Beth Tinker was a 13-year-old junior high school student in December 1965 when she and a group of students decided to wear black armbands to school to protest the war in Vietnam.

• (look how cute I can’t)

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Oversees all gov’t environmental programs

Clean Air Act

Imposed tighter emission standards on cars

Occupational Safety & Health Act (OSHA)

Oversees new standards of health and safety for workers on the job

Water Quality Improvement Act

Imposing penalties for pollution of ocean & inland waters (after oil spill)

1st Earth Day

April 22nd 1970

Rachel Carson - Silent Spring

Described the side effects of DDT (pesticides) & many now worried about the effect on human health

Endangered Species Act of 1973

Program for the conservation of threatened & endangered plants & animals in the habitats where they’re found

Consumer Product Safety Commission (CSPC)

Holding companies accountable for selling dangerous products

Primaries

______ replaced the elite dominated nominating systems. Meaning TV, speechs, mudslinging to get elected to run

McGovern (Election of 1972)

Promised to end the war v quick, supported women’s rights (abortion), and unfortunatley was painted the “counterculture” candidate (“Acid, Amnesty, and Abortion” is what the Reps said ab him). Counted on the youngest generation of voters but they didn’t even want to register to vote sigh

Yom Kippur War

Syria and Egypt unleashed surprise attacks on Israel. US backed Israel. Resulted in OPEC nations announced that they would cut oil production and placed an embargo on oil to any nation supporting Israel. =small economic depression bc US was so dependent on oil as an import

“Energy Crisis”

Post-Yom Kippur War when OPEC nations said they wouldn’t give oil to Israel supporting nations. Oil shortages and increased prices.

Internation Energy Agency (1974)

Formed to counter OPEC and set a national speed limit and encouraged fuel efficiency from various sectors of the economy

Sources of Stagnation

1. Increased work force w/ fewer skills

2. Declining investment in new machinery

3. Heavy compliance costs w/ gov’t imposed safety & health regulations

4. Shift of US economy from manufacturing to services industry

5. Vietnam drained tax dollars from needed improvements in education, science, & manufacturing

6. Inflation from sharply rising oil prices & deficit spending

Stagflation

Combination of stagnant economic growth, high unemployment and inflation

Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP)

3 of the burglars from Watergate are connected to this organization

Select Committee on President Campaign activities

Committe to research ab the Watergate Scandal, established by the Senate

Ervin Committee

Began to hear testimony on the Watergate matter from a parade of administration officials

Archibald Cox

Chosen as the special prosecutor to probe Watergate (Nixon told Elliot Richardson to pick someone)

Bob Woodward & Carl Bernstein

From the Washington Post, lead the press to expose serious misdeeds by the administration. Uncovered “plumbers” trying to “plug” up leaks damaging to Nixon

Alexander Butterfield

reveals that all conversation in the Oval and Executive Office building are taped

“executive privelege”

Nixon blocks access to tapes & claimed that __________ permitted him to keep the tapes to preserve the president’s freedom of action (wh/ the judge said was actually stupid)

VP Spiro Agnew

Resigns due to tax evasion & accepting payoffs for favors, only adding to the public’s distrust of the gov’t

Saturday Night Massacre

Nixon orders the Attorney general to fire Cox, both he and his deputy resign, Nixon finally finds Richard Bork to accept the job and fire Cox (are we okay..?)

House Judiciary Committee

began to consider impeachment charges against Nixon

Gerald Ford

Appointed as VP after Agnew resigned (exercising newly defined rights under the 25th Amdnt!)

3 Articles of Impeachment

1. Obstructed Justice

2. Misused federal Agencies

3. Withheld information subpoenaed by the Judiciary Committee

“Smoking Gun” Tape

Nixon released transcripts of 3 conversation b/w himself and Haldeman on July 23 1972, clearly showing his knowledge of the break-in and his attempt to stop the investigation and obstruct justice

Gerald Ford

The first unelected president. The perfect candidate to assume the office when the nation desperatley craved an honest leader. (except ppl called him stupid so that’s fun!)

Alledgedly made a secret deal w/ Nixon to pardon him for everything. (How did he think this was gonna help him get reeelcted, like how much money did he get 🤨)

Helsinki Accords

Us, USSR, & 33 other nations OFFICIALLY recognized European national boundaries as set after WWII

• Resulted in a whole thing, like USSR saying they’ll allow for more trade b/w east and west but nothing rly happened and criticisms that only the USSR benefitted was ^^ and so the fall of detente.

The Me Generation

Nickname of the 70s youth. A period when people placed personal fulfillment and pleasure before other considerations.

Jim Jones People’s Temple

900 mass suicide in Guyana

Sun Belt

Even more shift in population to the sunbelt. Also a movement of industry and leadsership from the snow belt to the sunbelt.

Title IX of the Educational Amendment

Prohibiting sex discrimination in any federally assisted educational program or activity, including sports & faculty positions. (biggest impact in HS and college sports. helps professionalization of women’s sports)

Equal Rights Amendment

ERA “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied on account of sex” Written by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman (not just “suffragists” !?who wrote this textbook and why won’t they give Alice Paul the recognition she deserves?)

Ratified by Congress but didn’t get enough states approval :/

Phyllis Schlafly

Led the “STOP ERA” movement (“Stop Taking Our Privileges”)

Failure of the ERA to be ratified by enough states

Most bitter defeat to the feminists

Roe v. Wade

Legalizing abortion during the 1st trimester, arguing women’s decision was protected under the Constitutional Right to Privacy

Human Life Amendment

Prohibit abortion and the courts from interfering & forbid some forms of birth control

nationwide public daycare

Nixon vetoed ____, saying it would weaken the American family

Battle of the Sexes

Billie Jean King vs. Bobby Riggs (tennis) (ICONIC) “King's victory helped legitimize women's tennis and is often credited for empowering women to advocate for equal pay in all sectors of the workforce.” (Billie Jean King>>>)

Milliken v. Bradley

SC ruled that desegregation plans couldn’t require students to move across school district lines.

• basically exempted suburban districts from shouldering the burden of segregating, re-enforced “white-flight”, and put that burden into the poorest districts, turning whites and blacks in those areas agnst each other.

Reverse Discrimination

White workers and students who were passed over claimed charges of ______ ________

University of California v. Bakke

SC declared that preference in admissions couldn’t be given to anyone on the basis of ethnic or racial identity ALONE, but racial factors could be taken into account in a schools overall admission policy for the purpose of assembling a diverse student body

‘New Right”

Reagan’s conservative movement. Brought him very close to winning the Rep nomination. Made shrewd use of the new primaries. Made use of “Hot-button” issues (ex. abortion, ERA, detente, etc.). Continued to grow over the next 4 years.

“I’ll never lie to you”

Jimmy Carter’s campaign pitch. (also if it’s on the pop quiz: carter was a huge outsider from D.C. and reaped the benefits but also the disadvantages of that)

Andrew Young

Jimmy Carter appoiinted ______ as an ambassador to the UN who helped build bridges with 3rd world nations.

Panama Canal Treaty

Treaty turning over the canal back to Panama by 2000. Improving sore spot with L.A. (Reagan said we bought it and built it so wtf is this)

Camp David Accords

Biggest foreign policy achievement. Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty that bound the 2 countries to full diplomatic relations. Israel agreed to withdraw from territorial gains from the 1967 war and Egypt agreed to respect Israel’s borders.

Department of Energy

Created to ensure the nation’s energy security and to govern policies regarding nuclear weapons and domestic energy production

Energy Policy and Conservation Act

Encouraged alternative energy sources to replace foreign petroleum

Anti-Nuclear Movement

Started over concers about being able to safely monitor nuclear power plants

3 Mile Island

1979 Near meltdown at ________ in PA worried many

Malaise Speech

Carter spoke out to the American public about needing to get our swagger or “can do” American attitude back

malaise

(n) a general feeling of dicomfort. (not gonna be tested on but obv relevant regardless)

SALT II

Treaty intended to limit the levels of lethal strategic weapons in both countries (US and USSR), reducing both their arsenals. Signed from ratification when the USSR invaded Afghanistan.

1980 Summer Olympics

Hosted in Moscow. Boycotted by the US when the USSR invaded Afghanistan

Iranian Revolution

US backed Shah Pahlevi who transformed Iran’s economy but his secredt police tortured people.

Revolutionaries toppled the Shah and supported Muslim fundamentalist Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeni.

=OPEC hugely raising oil prices and a second US oil crisis.

Iranian protested the US gov’t and Jimmy Carter heavily.

Iranian Hostage Crisis

Iranians stormed US embassy, took 60 US hostages. They demanded Shah Phalevi be returned from the US, to which he had fleed, for the release of the hostages.

EPIC failure for Carter

The attempted rescue mission of the US hostages in Iran which resulted in a plane crash and 8 rescuers’ deaths. The hostages were eventually relased 444 days after their capture.