bone basics/long bone stuff

classification of bones

• long bone

• short bone

• flat bone

• irregular bone

• cismal? bones

long bone

• cylindrical with 2 sites of epiphyses?

• ex: fingers, humerus of arm

short bone

• spherical/cone shape

• ex: ankle bone

flat bone

• flat, small, slight curve shape

• ex: sternum

irregular bone

• don’t have any defined shape

cismal bone

• protect our joints

• present in kneecap

surfaces (bone)

• shapes are complimented

• ex: femur, lateral and medial condyle on the knee

• provide/are points for articulation

projections (bone)

• grow on surface of bone

• ex: epicondytes, lateral and medial epicondyles

• provide attatchment sites for muscles

depressions (bone)

• cavities/grooves in the bone

• provide passage for vessels and nerves

• ex: superior articular facet

openings (bone)

• big/small holes in the bone

• ex: vertebral foramen allows the spinal cord to come up to the brain

compact bone

• dense

• made up of osteons

• look solid

spongy bone

• composed of small columns of bones

• trabeculae: the “columns” that compose the spongy bone

• lots of open space

• spider-web-like

structure of a long bone (humerus) contains…

• epiphyses

• articular cartilage

• diaphysis

• medullary cavity

• yellow marrow

• red marrow

• perforating fibers

• epiphyseal line/epiphyseal plate

• periosteum membrane

• endosteum membrane

epiphyses

• ends of a bone

• proximal epiphysis: end of bone closer to the body

• distal epiphysis: end of bone farther from the body

• both provide articulation sites for other bones

• composed of a thin layer of compact bone that encloses spongy bone

articular cartilage

• hyaline cartilage

• covers each epiphysis at joint IN PLACE OF periosteum membrane

• smooth surface to minimize friction at each joint

diaphysis

• tubular shaft/body of a bone

medullary cavity

• hollow cavity

• storage for yellow marrow

yellow bone marrow

• adipose tissue/fat

• stored in the medullary cavity

red bone marrow

• found in the interior of the epiphyses, the trabeculae of spongy bone

• creates blood cells

epiphyseal line

• separate diaphysis from epiphysis

• remnant of epiphysis plate

periosteum membrane

• outer cover of a bone

• dense irregular connective tissue

• contain osteoprogenitor cells (oosteogenic)

perforating fibers

• “perforating collagen fiber bundles”

• fibers of the periosteum membrane that penetrate into the bone

endosteum membrane

• thin, inner cover/lining of the bone

• also covers trabeculae

• made up of connective tissue

• contain osteoprogenitor cells

  • make osteoblasts

cartilage types

• hyaline cartilage

• fibro- cartilage

• elastic cartilage

• no nerves or blood is found in cartilage!!!

hyaline cartilage

• function:

• found in…

  • nose

  • articular cavity

  • costal cavity

  • respiratory tree

fibro- cartilage

• function: provide compression support for holding body weight

• found in…

  • invertibrate disc

  • pubic symphysis

  • meniscus

elastic cartilage

• function: to be stretchy/allow recoil

• found in:

  • pinna (ear)

  • epiglottis

bone tissue makeup/histology of the bone

• haversian systems/osteons

• circumferential lamellae

• perforating canals/volkmann’s canals

• canaliculi

haversian systems

• (concentric) lamellae

• haversian canals/central canals

• osteocytes

• lacunae

concentric lamellae

• the rings that go around the central/haversian canals

• specific to the central/haversian canals

haversian canals/central canals

• run parallel to the long axis of the bone

• carry… through the bone

  • blood vessels

  • nerves

  • lymphatic vessels

osteocytes

• mature bone cells

• found in lacunae

lacunae

• the cavities that hold the osteocytes

• arranged in concentric lamellae rings around the central canal/haversian canal

circumferential lamellae

• rings/sheets that form around the entire circumference of the diaphysis

• just beneath the periosteum and above the endosteum

perforating/volkmann’s canals

• run at right angles to the shaft/perpindicular to the shaft

• connect the blood and nerve supply of the medullary cavity to the central canals

canaliculi

• canals that go from the central canal to the lacunae of the first concentric lamellae

• go from lamellae to lamellae

• transportation network through the bone

• connects osteon to the nutrient supply