Criminology Exam 3

non-symbolic interaction

response to gesture / action

Tannenbaum’s, “Crime & Criminality”

“dramatization of evil” - when minor laws are broken, society dramatize it

Sequence of Interaction

1. primary deviation
2. Social penalties
3. penalties & rejection
4. Hostilities & resentment
5. action by society
6. stigmatizing & penalties
7. acceptance

Outsiders: studies in sociology of deviance (Becker)

“outsiders”, people others consider deviant

pure deviance

people who disobey the rules

Falsely accused

people who have been identified as disobeying the rules when they did not violate the rules

secret deviant

people who violate the rules of society WO/ society reacting to this behavior

stereotyping

racial prejudice & discrimination

Retrospective interpretation

individual is identified as a deviant & viewed as “new light” (new personality)

status degradation ceremony

dramatic process; giving an individual a new identity (criminal trial)

negotiation

plea bargaining

Normalization

minimal controls do not hurt individuals from getting along with each other

Schrag’s Basic Assumption

1. no act is intrinsically criminal
2. Criminal definitions are enforced in the interest or the powerful
3. A person dose not become a criminal by violating the law
4. The practice of dichotomizing individuals into criminal & noncriminal groups is contrary to common sense & research
5. Only a few persons are caught in violating the law, even though many individuals may be equally guilty
6. Once a criminal, always a criminal, but some are more than others
7. Criminal sanctions also vary according to other characteristics of the offender
8. Free-will perspective allows for the condemnation & rejection of the identifies offender
9. Difficult for the offender to maintain a favorable image of himself

Critiques of Learning Theory

1. vaueness & ambiguity
2. evaluating the labeling theory
3. Labeling theory focuses criminal & deviant behavior
4. Labeling theory focuses on the “reactors” rather than the “actors”

Consensus Perspective

assumes that virtually everyone is in agreement on the laws & assumes no conflict in attitudes regarding the laws & rules of society

Conflict Theory (Cold)

1. focus on the individual
2. group & intergroup relations
3. may explain criminal behavior

group-conflict theory

people come into conflict with one another due to conflicting & competitive interests

spiritual

otherworld powers

natural

systematic & scientific

Crime included

1. political protest
2. labor disputes
3. between & within competing unions
4. racial & ethnic clashes

criminality & Legal Order (Turk)

Individuals become accustomed to social roles & maintains social order

criminalization

interaction between those who enforce the ale & those who violate the law

partisan conflict perspective

purpose of changing the world

Nonpartisan conflict

truth should be independent of personal values

Social norms

behavior patterns

cultural norms

verbal formulations of values

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The Social Reality of Crime (Quinney) - Propositions

1. Definition of crime
2. Formulation of criminal definitions
3. Application of criminal definitions
4. Development of behavior patterns in relation to criminal definitions
5. Constriction of criminal conceptions
6. The social realty of crime

The social realty of crime

constructed by the formulation & application of criminal definitions, development of behavior patterns related to criminal definitions

Constriction of criminal conceptions

constructed & diffused in the segments of society by various means of communication

Development of behavior patterns in relation to criminal definitions

behavior patterns are structured in segmentally organized society in relation to criminal definitions & engage in actions that have relative probabilities of being defined as criminal

Application of criminal definitions

applied by the segments of society that have the power to shape the enforcement & administration of criminal law

Definition of crime

human conduct that is created by authorized agents in a politically organized society

Formulation of criminal definitions

behaviors that conflict with the interests of the segments of society that have the power to shape political policy

Marxist Criminology

1. law is a tool of the ruling class
2. they argue that all crime is a product of a class struggle
3. scholars need to address the relationships between the mode of production & understanding crime

bourgeoisie proletariat

works for those who own the means of production

false consciousness

proletariat to believe that maintaining the capitalist system is in their best interest, rather than in interest of the bourgeoisie.

proletariat

* they never profit from their own efforts because the upper class

bourgeois

create & implement laws that helped retain their dominance over the working class

Law, Order, & Power

Legal order constitutes a self serving system to maintain power and privilege

Integrated Structure-Marxist Theory

the state functions to serve the long-term interests of the Bourgeosie

stratified networks

negotiate those relationships between the broader social context & patterns of delinquent behavior among peer groups

Spitzer - Groups that are labeled deviant are threatening: (APASGS)

* Accumulation of society
* Procreation of labor & process of production
* Approved patterns of distribution & consumption of society
* Socialization of population inter production role
* Groups that threaten capitalist ideology
* Surplus Labor Population

Spitzer - Whether or not surplus labor population is deviant is based on: ESLEAPU

* Extensiveness & intensity of state control
* Size level of threat from problem population
* Level of organization of problem population
* Effectiveness of social control structure to central population
* Alternative types of processing
* Parallel control structure (organized crime, crimes, tribes)
* Utitility of problem Population

Spitzer - Alternative to dealing with problem population?

Normalization, Conversion, Containment, Supply of Criminal enterprise

Social junk

individuals who are passive & do not attempt to disrupt society

Retributive justice

the repair of justice through one-sided approach of imposing punishment

Restorative justice

the repair of justice by reaffirming a shared consensus of values, involving a joint/ multisided approach

Balanced Approach Mission

1. sanction based on accountability measures
2. offender rehabilitation & reintegration
3. enhanced community safety & security

Left Realism

1. the etiological crisis due to rising crime rates
2. The crisis in penalty in terms of the failure of prisoners, as well as a reappraisal of the role of police
3. The increased awareness of victimization & of crimes that had gone unnoticed
4. A growing public demand & criticism of public service efficiency & accountability
5. Definition : attempts to provide an analysis of crime on all levels & develop a range of policy recommendations

What are the 4 types of Bonds?

1. Attachment
2. Commitment
3. Involvement
4. Belief

Attachment

* affection that characterizes a relationship between people


* Extent individual cares about opinions of conventional others

Commitment

investment an individual has in conventional society

Involvement

Too busy W/ conventional activities to engage in delinquent acts

Belief

The endorsement of conventional rules, values, & beliefs

Who was the creator of the social band theory?

Travis Hirschi

What is the social bond theory?

emphasizes that tightly bonded people are less likely to commit crimes

What is the self - control theory?

(gottfredson & hirschi) general crime theory; criminal events are generally based on immediate removal of an irritant.

What are the elements of Low Self Control?

impulsive, insensitive, short-sighted, non-verbal, risk takers, & prefers physical not mental activities

What is parent socialization?

Parents’ influence on their children

What are the 3 steps of effective parent socialization?

1. effective monitor child's behavior
2. recognize deviant behavior
3. punish deviant behavior appropriately

What is the stability hypothesis — self-control?

self control is fixed between the ages of 8-10 & links self control with victimization \[victims have LSC\]

What is the new definition of self-control?

"The tendency to consider the full range of potential costs of a particular act which moves the focus from the long term implications of the act to its broader and often contemporaneous implications.”

What is the dual systems model?

emphasizes the impact of brain development during adolescence and early adulthood

What are the elements of the dual Systems model?

socioemotional system & cognitive control system

What is the socioemotional system?

1. lambic and paralimbic systems
2. fully developed during adolescence
3. increased sensation seeking

What is the cognitive control system?

1. frontal lobe
2. not fully developed until early adulthood
3. less impulse control

What is a lifespan wisdom model?

emphasizes the impulsivity & sensation seeking

What did Durkheim propose?

The idea of collective conscience; Automatic spontaneity & awakened reflection

What is automatic spontaneity?

animals eating habits; eat when full & stop when hungry

What is awakened reflection?

greed; people tend to favor better conditions & additional fulfillment because there are no limits

What is the collective conscience ?

likeliness that people share \= stronger collective conscious \= less crime

What are the functions of collective conscious?

1. Establish rules that stop people from being selfish
2. Crime allows people to unite

What are the main points of Hobbes’s Social contract theory?

1. humans are naturally greedy
2. People look out for their best interest
3. Humans come together due to the fear instilled by the government

What is Freud’s Concept of the ID & Superego?

individuals (not all humans ) are born selfless due to the brain - ID Domain & selfish tendencies are produced by the superego

Which lifestyle development stage is the ID & Superego formed?

Young infant / child due & significant others

What is Reiss’s control theory?

1. delinquency was a consequence of weak controls = weak ego / superego amongst juveniles
2. no explicit motivation for delinquent activity
3. delinquency occurs in absence of controls

Which social group did Reiss was the reason for delinquent beahvior?

family bond

What is Toby’s concept of Stake in Conformity?

individuals are invested in conventional society through peer influences (prevention of committing a crime)

What is Nye’s Control theory components?

1. Internal control
2. direct control
3. indirect control

What is internal control?

social interaction

What is direct control?

individuals propensities to commit deviant acts

What is indirect control?

individuals are strongly attached to their caregivers (parents)

What is Nye’s U-shaped curve of parental control?

There has to be a balance between freedom & parental control to prevent criminal activity

What is Reckless’s Containment theory?

1. individuals can be pushed into deliquency by their social environment (lack of employment / education)
2. pulled into criminal activity (friends)

What is Reckless’s Containment theory components ?

Inner containment & outer containment

What is inner containment?

a person’s sense of self (resisting criminal activity)

What is outer containment?

societal institutions essential in building bonds

What is Matzo’s drift theory?

individuals offend when social controls are weakened

What is soft determinism?

1. determinism
2. free will play a role in offenders’ decisions to engage in criminal behavior

What is the subterranean values?

values that the individual holds to and believes in but that are also recognized as being not quite comme ii faut.

What is Hirschi’s social bonding theory empirical status ?

the presence of social bonds is inversely related to delinquency and adult crime

What is Tittle’s Control-Balance Theory?

1. control is subjected
2. exercise determine possible deviance
3. a person is least likely to offend when he/she has a balance of controlling & being controlled by others

What is Hagan’s Power-Control Theory?

1. (explains lower level crimes)
2. Crime and delinquency rates are factors of class position and family function ( patriarchal / maternal influences)

What is active Gene - environment correlation (rGE)?

1. scanning the environment
2. seeking out peer groups that align with who you are = mapping genetic similarities

What is the gene correlation amongst peers?

1. 21% of all interactions are influenced by genes
2. 41% of all delinquent peer interactions are influenced by genes

What is Critical Criminology?

1. power is maintained through formal
2. informal social controls
3. society is comprised of groups of various values & interest
4. one side of the interest will overpower the other

What is radical conflict?

1. interpersonal and communal
2. legal and rhetorical, ethnopolitical, global, and geopolitical levels.

What is the conflict perspective?

Groups interactions determine crime behavior.

What is Marxist criminology?

The B’s will always have power while the P have to follow the law that are written / enforced by the B’s. (Creating a level of fear in the P’s will keep them at their status (continuing capitalism)

What is Colvin & Pauly’s integrated marxist theory ?

serious delinquency occurs because reproduction of coercive control patterns tied to the relationship between production and class structure in capitalist societies