Human Rights

When/where were the declaration of human rights adopted?

1948, UN general assembly

How many human rights are there is total?

30

Where are human rights valid?

Applicable everywhere, should protect all equally

What spatial trends can be seen with human rights violations?

Developed countries the less violations (no country has zero violations)

Donald Trumps opinion on right to healthcare:

"no right to anything that someone else must pay for", he compares this to freedom of speech as no resources are needed for this right.

What does the term "human rights norms" refer to?

norms used to set a standard of a minimally decent life

What are some key features of statements set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

generally widely accepted, non-binding and protected by international law

What is the most universal treaty, despite it not being included in human rights? Which country have not signed this?

Convention on rights of a child, USA(due to wanting the death penalty)

What does the term intervention mean? ("humanitarian intervention")

an action taken by one or more sovereign states, within the territory of another, in order to change the political and social conditions in that place, often using force

Who is the only body that can legalise intervention?

UN security council

What are some of the impacts of intervention?

Reduce human rights violations, displacement, injure civilians

Why is intervention controversial?

It can lead to more injustices and socio-economic inequalities

What does the term geopolitics refer to?

global balance of political power and international relations

What is geopolitics related to?

economic power/trade strength

Why do countries implement human rights norms differently? (Violations)

Chid labour needed, people trafficking, genocide and modern slavery

Governmental Corporations promoting human rights

NATO
Organisation for security and co-operation in Europe
ASEAN intergovernmental commission on human rights

Non-gov corporations promoting human rights

The red cross
Oxfam

What is an inequality in capital punishment?

Some countries kill for drug offences, some kill for murder

What protocol was used to try rid the death penalty? What was the result of this?

Number 6 European Convention on human rights, 13 countries abolish death penalty for all crimes

Where do the most (78%) executions take place (not including China)?

Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Vietnam

Why do social tensions and instability lead to more executions?

Need to maintain power

What social factor can influence punishments?

Rich, poor divide

Non- military forms of intervention:

economic sanctions and prosecution

Who offers non-military intervention?

NGO's, private enterprises ( work with local gov and people)

Which country is the only super power? What nation has overtaken them to become the leading trading nation?

USA, China

What determines inequalities in power in individual states?

wealth, political situation, development (according to the International Monetary Fund)

What organisations influence geopolitics the most?

UN, EU, ASEAN, OPEC

How does globalisation affect geopolitics?

TNC's and multinational corporations influence where they invest

What is forced labour?

people forced to work due to intimidation/violence

Subtle ways of being forced into labour?

accumulation of debt, retention of identity papers, threats of denunciation to authorities

How many people are in forced labour globally? How many are girls/women?

21 million, 11.4 million

How much does forced labour generate globally?

$150 billion

What are some less known types of forced labour?

Prostitution and begging

What do forced labourers suffer from?

Abuse and exploitation

What region is most affected? How many?

Asia, 11 million

What does maternal mortality refer to?

Women dying during pregnancy or termination of pregnancy, the cause of death is related to management of the pregnancy

What is MMR (Maternal mortality rate) measured in?

deaths per 100,000

MMR globally in 2017?

295,000

What is the global estimated figure for MMR of women dying daily?

Over 800

In 2017 which country had the highest MMR, what was it?

South Sudan, 1150 (rates "extremely high" on UNICEF rating)

What % of deaths due to maternal mortality could be prevented?

80

How many countries have abolished the death penalty?

106

How many countries still use the death penalty?

53

What country was the latest country to abolish the death penalty?

2018, Burkina Faso

What country is the only European country to still use the death penalty?

Belarus

Where has the highest amount of executions, how many?

China, over 100,000 (secrecy)

Why is there inequalities in the death penalty?

Variation in legal representation, judicial systems, racism

How many death row inmates in USA are innocent?

1/10

What % of executions took place in Iran, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia in 2015?

89

What NGO mainly focuses on abolishing the death penalty?

Amnesty International

Why is hard for inmates on death row in Yemen under 18 to prove their age?

People don't have birth certificates as they live far from centres

What sectors have the most forced labour?

Agriculture, domestic service, brick kilns, rice mills, mining and quarrying, carpet weaving

Who is most at risk of forced labour?

low status/indigenous people

Factors influencing the spatial distribution of forced labour:

Corruption (India and Pakistan know its a problem but don't solve it)
Government ignores it (need cheap/free labour for the economy)
High levels of poverty (desperate for work/income)
Migration

What % of MMR deaths are in developing countries?

99

Factors that affect distribution of MMR?

Access to health
Unsafe abortions
Rich vs Poor/ Rural vs Urban

Why are some Middle Eastern countries conservative and traditional towards the death penalty?

Laws are influenced by the Quran

Name 3 SDG's (sustainable development goals) that link to human rights

No Poverty
Gender Equality
Quality Education

Global governance causing consequences for people and places: short term impacts: Provision of shelter, sanitation, food and water

Oxfam, Save the children
less disease epidemic
less overcrowding
access to basics

Global governance causing consequences for people and places: short term impacts: Military protection to stop further casualties

right to safety
start to rebuild communities

Global governance causing consequences for people and places: LONG term impacts: Improve health/life expectancy

less mortality
immunisation?
Contraception?

Global governance causing consequences for people and places: LONG term impacts: Education equality

better job opportunities
bring women into industries
improve futures
help with loss of male figures

Global governance causing consequences for people and places: LONG term impacts: freedom from abuse

less social issues
protection

Global governance causing consequences for people and places: LONG term impacts: strengthen judicial systems including new and national laws

fair system
root out corruption

Negative short term impacts of intervention, name 3

Damage to property/infrastructure
population displacement
violate human rights
civilian casualties
disrupt education
tensions
action depends on aid

Why are LIDC's less capable of protecting and promoting human rights? List 3:

Police can be corrupt and part of the problem
less freedom of speech
corruption
not enough funding for law enforcement, education etc

When were Honduras' last elections, why were they controversial?

2017, fake votes?

What did the election controversy lead to?

Protests, at least 16 dead

What was controversial about how the protests were dealt with?

detained for protesting peacefully

How does the Honduran government deal with protests?

repression against protesters