AP GOV GOD MODE

What does the 1st Amendment protect?

Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.

What right does the 2nd Amendment guarantee?

The right to bear arms.

What does the 4th Amendment protect against?

Unreasonable searches and seizures.

Which amendment protects against self-incrimination?

The 5th Amendment.

What rights are guaranteed by the 6th Amendment?

Right to a fair and speedy trial, legal counsel, and to confront witnesses.

What does the 8th Amendment prohibit?

Cruel and unusual punishment or excessive bail.

What does the 10th Amendment state about powers?

Powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states.

What does the 14th Amendment grant?

Citizenship, due process, and equal protection under the law.

What does the 15th Amendment prohibit?

Denying the right to vote based on race.

What change does the 17th Amendment introduce?

Direct election of U.S. Senators.

What right is granted by the 19th Amendment?

Women's suffrage.

What does the 24th Amendment prohibit?

Poll taxes.

What is the new voting age established by the 26th Amendment?

18 years old.

What does the Necessary and Proper Clause allow Congress to do?

Make laws required to carry out its powers.

What is the purpose of the Commerce Clause?

To allow Congress to regulate interstate and international trade.

What does the Supremacy Clause establish?

Federal law is supreme over state law.

What does the Establishment Clause prevent?

The government from establishing an official religion.

What does the Free Exercise Clause guarantee?

Citizens can freely practice their religion.

What is required by the Due Process Clause in the 14th Amendment?

States must respect all legal rights owed to a person.

What does the Equal Protection Clause require?

States to provide equal protection under the law.

What warning does Federalist No. 10 provide?

About the dangers of factions; argues a large republic is best to control them.

What does Federalist No. 51 argue for?

Separation of powers and checks and balances.

What does Federalist No. 70 support?

A strong, single executive (President).

What is the main argument of Federalist No. 78?

Supports judicial independence and judicial review.

What does Brutus No. 1 warn against?

A powerful central government.

What does the Declaration of Independence do?

Declares independence and lists grievances against the king.

What was the purpose of the Articles of Confederation?

To create the first U.S. government with a weak central authority.

What is the U.S. Constitution?

The framework of the U.S. government.

What does the Letter from a Birmingham Jail address?

MLK defends civil disobedience to fight unjust laws.

What principle did Marbury v. Madison establish?

Judicial review.

What power was expanded in McCulloch v. Maryland?

Federal power using the Necessary and Proper Clause.

What limitation did U.S. v. Lopez impose?

Limited Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause.

What did Engel v. Vitale rule regarding school prayer?

That it violates the Establishment Clause.

What was decided in Wisconsin v. Yoder?

Amish children cannot be forced to attend school past 8th grade.

What was upheld in Tinker v. Des Moines?

Students have free speech rights in schools.

What was the significance of NY Times v. U.S.?

Protected freedom of the press with regard to the Pentagon Papers.

What does Schenck v. U.S. state about speech?

Speech can be limited if it presents a 'clear and present danger.'

What right is affirmed in Gideon v. Wainwright?

The right to an attorney in state trials.

What did Roe v. Wade legalize?

Abortion using the right to privacy.

What did McDonald v. Chicago incorporate?

The 2nd Amendment to the states.

What did Brown v. Board of Education declare unconstitutional?

School segregation under 'separate but equal'.

What was the outcome of Baker v. Carr?

Enabled courts to rule on legislative redistricting.

What did Shaw v. Reno determine about racial gerrymandering?

It is unconstitutional.

What was allowed by Citizens United v. FEC?

Unlimited independent political spending by corporations.

What are checks and balances?

Each branch can limit the powers of the others.

What does separation of powers mean?

Division of government into three branches.

What is federalism?

Power divided between national and state governments.

What is popular sovereignty?

Government power comes from the people.

What does limited government mean?

Government is restricted by laws and the Constitution.

What is judicial review?

Courts can declare laws unconstitutional.

What is political socialization?

The process by which people form their political beliefs.

What is political efficacy?

Belief that your vote or political participation matters.

What defines majoritarian democracy?

Majority rules in elections and policy decisions.

What is pluralist democracy?

Power distributed among many groups.

What characterizes elite democracy?

A small number of people influence decision-making.

What are block grants?

Federal money to states with broad spending guidelines.

What defines categorical grants?

Federal money to states with strict spending rules.

What are mandates?

Federal rules that states must follow.

What is split-ticket voting?

Voting for different parties for different offices.

What is incumbency advantage?

Incumbents often win re-election due to name recognition, fundraising, etc.

What are interest groups?

Groups that try to influence public policy.

What constitutes an iron triangle?

The relationship between bureaucracy, Congress, and interest groups.

What is lobbying?

Attempting to influence policymakers.

What are Political Action Committees (PACs)?

Groups that raise money to support candidates.

What are Super PACs?

Can raise unlimited money but can’t coordinate directly with candidates.

What is the Electoral College?

The system used to elect the president.

What is a bureaucracy?

Agencies that implement federal laws and programs.

What does stare decisis mean?

Let the decision stand; using precedent in court rulings.