12 Philosophy — Unit 3 Logic: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning

Using specific instances to draw a general conclusion

Abductive Reasoning

A form of inductive reasoning that is seeking the best explanation for a set of observations or facts.

Hasty Generalization

Drawing a conclusion from a small or biased sample.

Analogical Reasoning

Drawing conclusions based on similarities between different situations (analogies).

Modus Ponens

A valid deductive argument where the conclusion follows logically from the premises. If P, then Q. P, therefore Q.

Categorical Syllogism

A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion.

Counterexample

A specific case disproving a deductive argument. It is used to weaken the argument.

Sound Argument

A deductive argument with TRUE premises and a TRUE conclusion.

Rhetoric

Language used to influence beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.

Logic

Study of correct reasoning methods and principles.

The New Organon

Book by Francis Bacon introducing hypothesis formulation.

Aristotle

Introduced the three laws of thought: non-contradiction, excluded middle, and identity.

Major Premise

In the syllogism 'All humans are mortal, I am a human. Therefore I am mortal' it refers to 'All humans are mortal.'

Deductive Reasoning

Using general instances to draw a specific conclusion

what makes Inductive Reasoning strong

Based on quantity and quality of evidence.

Truth in Deductive Argument

When the premise is true, the conclusion in this argument MUST be true.

Hypothetico Deductive Method

having a hypothesis then testing it by applying deductive reasonings

Weak Argument

An argument that is not well-supported by evidence or reasoning

Generalization

Making a broad statement based on insufficient evidence

How do you prove that an argument is invalid

Prove that the premises do not necessarily lead to the conclusion

Christian Huygenes

the proponent of hypothetico-deductive method