The Industrial Revolution (P.R. Chapter 10)

APUSH Period 6 Princeton Review

Horizontal Integration

The combination of several smaller companies within the same industry to form a larger company, often leading to monopolies.

Vertical Integration

When one company buys out all the factors of production, from raw materials to finished product.

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

a landmark federal statute aimed at curbing monopolies and promoting competition in American business. It prohibits business activities deemed anti-competitive.

Social Darwinism

The theory, popularized by Andrew Carnegie, that unrestricted competition allows only the 'fittest' to survive.

Gospel of Wealth

The belief, advocated by Andrew Carnegie, that great wealth brings social responsibility, promoting philanthropy rather than charity.

Social Gospel

A movement where Protestants articulated their social goals to improve public health, education, abolish child labor, and limit work hours.

Economies of Scale

A business concept where the cost per unit decreases as the number of units produced increases.

Holding Company

A form of business organization that owns enough stock in various companies to have a controlling interest in the production of raw materials.

Monopoly

Complete control of an entire industry.

Knights of Labor

One of the first national labor unions, founded in 1869, that organized skilled and unskilled workers from various crafts into a single union.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

A labor union led by Samuel Gompers that focused on bread and butter issues such as higher wages and shorter workdays.

Haymarket Square Riot

An 1886 labor demonstration in Chicago where a bomb went off, killing police, which led to unions being associated with violence and political radicalism.

Pullman Strike

A strike in 1894 where workers at the Pullman Palace Car Factory faced wage cuts and organized a strike ultimately leading to over 250,000 railway workers walking off the job.

Eugene V. Debs

President of the American Railway Union (ARU) who was a key figure in the Pullman Strike and later became a leader in the socialist movement.

Thomas A. Edison

An inventor who built his workshop in Menlo Park, New Jersey, and produced important inventions such as the light bulb.

Yellow Journalism

A new style of sensational reporting, popularized by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, characterized by bold headlines and scandalous tales.

Crop Lien System

A method by which farmers rented land, promising a portion of their crop as collateral, designed to keep the poor in constant debt.

Political Machine

A political organization led by political bosses that provided services such as homes and jobs in exchange for community members voting as instructed.

Tammany Hall

The political machine of New York's Democratic Party, where Boss Tweed was a prominent leader.

Boss Tweed

A corrupt political boss of Tammany Hall in New York City who embezzled millions of dollars through corruption in city construction projects.

Settlement Houses

Community centers in poor neighborhoods that provide schooling, childcare, and cultural activities.

Jane Addams

Founder of Hull House in Chicago, which provided services such as English lessons for immigrants and day care for children.

Jim Crow Laws

Discriminatory laws passed in southern states that worsened conditions for Black people.

De jure segregation

Legal segregation that was opened up in 1883 after the Court reversed the Civil Rights Act of 1875.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court ruling that established 'separate but equal' facilities for different races were legal.

Booker T. Washington

Promoted economic independence as the means by which Black people could improve their lot; founded the Tuskegee Institute.

Accommodationist

A term used to describe Booker T. Washington because he refused to press for immediate equal rights.

Atlanta Compromise

Booker T. Washington's famous speech delivered in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1895, outlining his view of race relations; deemed submissive by W. E. B. Du Bois.

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting one side of the country to the other, completed from 1863 to 1869.

Turner or Frontier Thesis

Frontier was significant in (1) shaping the American character, (2) defining the American spirit, (3) fostering democracy, and (4) providing a safety valve for economic distress.

Gilded Age

The era between Reconstruction and 1900, characterized by a shiny surface of prosperity hiding corruption and poverty.

Political Machines

Organizations that ran the cities instead of municipal governments during the Gilded Age.

Munn v. Illinois

Supreme Court case in 1877 that upheld an Illinois state law regulating railroads and grain elevators, arguing states had the power to regulate private industry that served the 'public interest.'

Interstate Commerce Act

Federal regulatory law passed in 1887 that set up the supervision of all railroad activities.

Morrill Land-Grant Act

Set aside land and provided money for agricultural colleges, leading to the growth of agricultural science.

Sierra Club

One of the first large organizations devoted to conservation in the United States, created by John Muir in 1892.

Reservation System

The policy of forcing Native Americans onto reservations, which often consisted of the least desirable land.

Dawes Severalty Act

Act in 1887 that broke up the reservations and distributed land to individual Native American families in an attempt to assimilate them into Western society.

Ghost Dance Movement

Religion started in 1889, inspired by prophet Wovoka, promising the end of federal expansion and peaceful life on native lands through ceremony and magic.

Spoils System:

System where government jobs opened up every time a new president took office.

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

Act signed Chester Arthur that began the dismantling of the old spoils system.

Populist Movement

Movement of farmers who supported the generous coinage of silver, government ownership of railroads/telegraphs, a graduated income tax, direct election of U.S. senators, and shorter workdays.

Easy Money

Populist goal during the financial crisis of 1893 advocating for an increased money supply.

Free Silver

The Populist platform advocated by William Jennings Bryan, aiming to loosen the control of northern banking interests.

Cross of Gold Speech

William Jennings Bryan's famous speech arguing for an easy money supply to combat the control of northern banking interests.

McKinley Tariff (1890)

Raised duties on imported goods to almost 50 percent, but put unprocessed sugar on a duty-free list.

Wilson-Gorman Tariff (1894)

Resembled the McKinley Tariff schedule and included a high tax on imported sugar, impacting the Cuban economy.

Open Door Policy

Sought by McKinley for all Western nations to trade with Asia, but faced resistance from European nations with colonized territories in China.

Imperialism

A controversial practice where the United States took control of another country.

Expansionism

Supported by most Americans, involving moving into regions to do business.

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890)

A book by Alfred T. Mahan that promoted the idea of a strong navy for foreign trade and overseas colonies.

Teller Amendment (1898)

Claimed that the United States would not annex Cuba after Spain's departure.

Platt Amendment (1901)

Provisions included in Cuba's new constitution that gave the United States control over Cuba's foreign affairs and land for a naval base.

Insular Cases (1901-1903)

Supreme Court rulings that the constitution did not follow the flag, meaning Congress could administer overseas possessions as it chose.

White Man's Burden

The notion that people not of European extraction were unfit to rule themselves.

Monroe Doctrine

Invoked by William Seward to force France out of Mexico.

Yellow Journalism

Sensational reporting in Hearst newspapers that detailed the violent Cuban civil war.