genetics CH. 6 genetic analysis and mapping in bacteria and bacteriophage

genome simplicy

fewer genes and fewer bases than other organism

haploid genomes

mutations can b observed directly bc there is one copy of each gene

hot take

enormous number of progeny allows for detection of rare events

hot take

mutants r easily created, identified, isolated, and multiplied for study

binary fission

bacteria propagate by BLANK

binary fission

chromosome replicates and a copy is distributed to each of the progeny cells

colony

cluster of millions of identify cells

hot take

bacteria made me grown on a solid or liquid growth medium

carbon source (glucose)

nitrogen source

water

additionally elements

what does a medium contain (roughly)

each colony on a growth medium should come from 1 bacerial cell

minimal medium

contains glucose, a nitrogen source, some inorganic material and water

prototrophs

bacterial species that can grow in minimal medium are called BLANK

prototrophs

BLANK do not possess any mutations that would block their ability to produce a compound required for growth

- fully functional and can thrive with minimal resources available

auxotrophs

bacteria that mutant for one or more genes that lack the ability to produce a compound or preform a function required for growth

-cant grow on a minimal medium

complete medium

medium that contains glucose, a nitrogen source, and ALL other compounds required for growth and reproduction (amino acids, DNA, RNA, nucleotides)

supplemented medium

it is a minimal medium that has the specific compound that the autotroph cannot produce on its own.

replica plating

technique that involves transferring some cells from each of the bacterial colonies on an original growth plate to one or more other growth plates.

complete ---- minimal

single chromosome

bacterial genomes r usually composed of a BLANK chromosome

bacterial chromosome

the BLANK is usually a covalently closed circular molecule of double stranded DNA

single

everything bacteria needs to live is found on a BLANK chromosome

Plasmids

small double stranded circular DNA molecules containing nonessential genes

hot take

plasmids dont have essential genes, they carry extra materials the cells may need or ultlize

hot take

plasmids r considerable SMALLER than bacterial chromosomes

F (fertility) plasmid

plasmid types

contains genes that promote their own transfer from donors to recipients

R (resistance) genes

plasmid types

carries antibiotic resistance genes that can be transferred to recipient cells

independently

many plasmids replicate BLANK of the bacterial chromosome so that the number of plasmids per cell can increase rapidly

high copy number chromosomes

plasmids that replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome

low copy number chromosomes

plasmids that r present in one or two copy number per bacterial cell and cannot replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome

conjugation

transformation

transduction

bacterial transfer occurs by 3 procesess

one way transfer

bacteria can transfer genetic material form one bacterium to another, it is BLANK way transfer

plasmid , a portion of bacterial DNA or both

the DNA transfered in bacterial gene transfer may be a BLANK, a BLANK or BLANK

conjugation

is the transfer of replicated DNA from a donor to a recipient

transformation

is the uptake of DNA from the environment

Transduction

is the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another by a viral vector

conjugation

BLANK is when one bacterium passes DNA directly to another through a physical connection.

transformation

BLANK is when a bacterium takes DNA from its surroundings and incorporates it into its genome.

Transduction

BLANK when a virus carries bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another.

conjugation pilius

genetic information is transfered during conjugation between a BLANK

"fertility factor (F-factor)

the ability to act as a donor was hereditary and determined by a BLANK factor

- has genes that promote and build structures for transfer

recipent cell

donor cells transfer genetic info to a BLANK cell

exoconjugant cell

recipient cell with its genetic information modified by receiving DNA from the donor cell

get the F+ plasmid

in the conjugation of F+ and F- cells both the donor and the recipient get the BLANK plasmid

high frequency recombination strains

Hfr

rarely

formation of the Hfr stain occurs BLANK

high frequency recombination genes

genes that transferred bacterial genes at a high rate

Hfr chromosome

the F factor in Hfr strains integrates into the bacterial chromsome to form the BLANK

selective media

BLANK contains compounds that permit growth of exconjugant cells of specific genotypes and prevent donor and recipent growth

antibiotic sensitivity

BLANK can b used as a tool to control the growth of bacteria

homologous recombination

during Hfr and F- mating the transfer of one or more donor alleles into the recipient chromosome occurs by BLANK

F-

it is NOT converted to a donor cell

in Hfr and F- mating the recipent cell is still BLANK

Interuptted mating

BLANK is the cessation of conjugation by breaking the conjugation pilus

order

time

The BLANK of gene transfer and BLANK of first appearance of each in exconjugants r related to the distance of the gene from the origin of transfer (OriT)

4

transformation is a BLANK step process

transformant and non-transformant (unchanged)

after transformation, one daughter cell is a BLANK and the other is a BLANK

Co-transformation

simultaneous transformation if two or more genes

bacteriophage

transduction using an intermediate host to transfer genetic material called a BLANK

tranductant

integration of donor DNA into the recipient cell's chromosome by homologous recombination forms a BLANK

bacteriophage

tiny viral particles that infect bacterial host cells

5000-200000

bacteriophage chromosome can be composed of BLANK to BLANK base pairs

head

the BLANK of the bacteriophage holds the genome (double stranded DNA)

lytic cycle

lysogenic cycle

what r the two cycles of transduction and bacteriophage cycle

lysogenic cycle

alternate temporary life cycle involving integration of the phage chromosome into the bacterial chromosome

co-transduction

the closer two genes r on the donor chromosome, the more likely they will e transduced to a recipient togteher

Lateral Gene Transfer (LGT)

transfer of genetic material between individual bacteria or arhaea and other organisms

lateral gene transfer

BLANK has allowed for rapid organism adaptation of changing environmental conditions by aquiring antibiotic resistance