Invertebrates and Vertebrates

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34 Terms

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Classes of the phylum Annelida

Polychaeta (sandworms), Hirudinea (leeches) , Oligochaeta (earthworms).

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Digestive system of the earthworm

Mouth (intakes nutrients) —> pharynx (ingest food and move along to esophagus) —> esophagus (transports food to crop) —> crop (temporary storage for food) —> gizzard (releases food & breaks up organic matter) —> long intestine (absorption of nutrients) —-> anus (exit for waste).

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Respiratory system of earthworms

Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide via moist skin. Secretion of mucus to keep moist.

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Circulatory system of earthworms

Closed circulatory system, like humans. Ventral (belly side) & dorsal vessels. Aortic arches link ventral and dorsal vessels. They have 5 aortic arches that act like a heart.

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Nerve cord

A solid strand of nerve fibers running along the length of the body, usually on the ventral (belly/front) side. It connects the brain to the body's organs and muscles, forming a central nervous system.

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Setae

Small, stiff, bristle-like structures, often composed of chitin, that project from the body surface.

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Parapodium

Fleshy protrusions on the outside of the body. Not present in earthworms or leeches.

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Ventral

The front-side or belly-side of the animal body.

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Dorsal

The back-side of an animal body.

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Nephridium

excretory tubules in every segment except the first three segments. Removes waste from the body.

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Brain

Fused ganglia. Control system of the worm.

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Hermaphrodites

Cannot fertilize themselves.

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Clitellum

A thick, saddle-like ring found in the epidermis (skin) of the worm, usually with a light-colored pigment. Helps with mating.

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Benefits to the ecosystem of earthworms

Decomposers of leaves and organic matter, recycle nutrients, release natural fertilizers (waste), aerates the soil, and are good for fishing.

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Vertebrae

Members of the subphylum Vertebrata within the phylum Chordata.

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Endoskeleton

An internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage.

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Adaptation for buoyancy

Stored gases or liquids help maintain vertical position in water.

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Lateral line

A system of canals in the skin that allow fish to sense vibration in the water.

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Streamlined body plan

Allows fish to move rapidly in water.

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Jawless fishes

Hagfishes (class Myxini) and Lampreys (class Cephalaspidomorphi).

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Hagfishes

Bottom-dwellers that feed on dead and dying fish.

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Lampreys

Can be free-living or parasitic. Breed in freshwater. Fertilization occurs outside the body.

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Parasitic Lamprey

They attach themselves to their host with disc-shaped mouths and feed on the blood and body fluids of other fishes.

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Cartilaginous fishes

Sharks, stingrays, skates, ratfishes. They have skin covered with placoid scales.

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Placoid scales

Reduce turbulence and increase swimming efficiency.

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Chondrichthyes

Sharks, rays, skates, and ratfishes. They have skeletons made of cartilage.

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Chordates

Animals with a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail.

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Ampullae of Lorenzini

Sense organs that can detect weak electric fields.

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Cartilage

A flexible lightweight material made of cells surrounded by tough fibers of protein.

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Shark body shape

Torpedo shaped bodies.

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Rays body shape

Diamond- or disk-shaped bodies.

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Skates body shape

Triangular bodies.

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Ratfishes

Small group of strange looking fish that have a flap of skin covering their gill slits. They have long tails and feed on crustaceans and mollusks.

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Chemoreception

The ability to detect chemicals in the environment, includes the senses of smell and taste.