Economics and Environmental Policy

The study of how resources are converted into goods and services and how these goods and services are distributed and used.

Economics

A producer will raise the price and supply of a product when the

Demand is high

The sun's energy

fresh water

Losses due to pollution that do not directly affect buyers or sellers are considered

External costs

The field of economics that applies the principles of Earth's systems to economics is called

Ecological economics

Services provided by Earth's systems have

Non-market values

A situation in which the free market does not distribute resources efficiently is called

Market failure

One of the main goals of environmental policy is to

Ensure that resources are shared fairly

Producing effective environmental policy requires input from

All of the above (ethics

A city like Pittsburgh has strong environmental policies because it

Has dealt with the impact of messy environmental cleanups

U.S. laws from the late-1800s to mid-1900s reflected that

The West’s natural resources could be used up and required legal protection

During the 1960s–1970s

awareness of environmental problems increased after

The period that created the Wilderness Act and Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act was

The second period (late-1800s to mid-1900s)

The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) process requires agencies to

Evaluate the impact on the environment before proceeding with a project

In the 1980s

U.S. environmental policy shifted when

The current era of U.S. environmental policy focuses on

Achieving sustainability rather than just cleaning up pollution

Air pollutants that travel across borders on wind currents are an example of a

Transboundary problem

Greenpeace

Population Connection

A criticism of the World Bank is that it

Doesn’t always fund projects that are environmentally sustainable

A criticism of the command-and-control approach is that

Companies in a free market can produce better

Government subsidies are controversial because

Enormous subsidies are provided for nonrenewable fossil fuels

Selling unused pollution permits to another factory is an example of a

Cap-and-trade system

The correct sequence in the environmental policy process is

Identify the problem → Find the cause → Propose solutions → Get organized → Gain access to policymakers → Guide the solution to law

The step of the environmental policy process that requires science is

Pinpointing causes of the problem

Lobbying and campaign contributions are ways to

Gain access to environmental policymakers