chronological order from 1789 to 1801.

French Revolution begins – 1789

A major uprising in France that overthrew the monarchy and led to years of political chaos and war in Europe. It alarmed many in the U.S. — some supported it as a fight for liberty, while others feared its violence.

Washington Declares Neutrality (Proclamation of Neutrality) – 1793

President George Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality, saying the U.S. would stay out of European wars (especially between Britain and France). It set a precedent for U.S. foreign policy.

Jay Treaty – 1794

A treaty between the U.S. and Britain, negotiated by John Jay, to settle remaining issues from the Revolutionary War. It helped avoid war, but many Americans (especially Democratic-Republicans) hated it, thinking it favored Britain.

• Pinckney’s Treaty – 1795

A treaty with Spain, giving Americans the right to use the Mississippi River and port of New Orleans for trade. Very popular — it helped U.S. westward expansion and trade.

• John Adams elected President – 1796

Adams became the 2nd President of the United States. He was a Federalist, and his presidency was marked by tension with France and controversy over civil liberties.

• XYZ Affair (leads to Quasi-War) – 1797 (Not on your list, but context)

An undeclared naval war between the U.S. and France. Sparked by the XYZ Affair, where French officials tried to bribe U.S. diplomats. It increased anti-French feelings in the U.S.

• Quasi-War with France – 1798–1800

Part of the Alien and Sedition Acts, it gave the President power to deport foreigners seen as threats. Targeted immigrants, especially those who supported the Democratic-Republicans.

• Alien and Sedition Acts – 1798

Made it illegal to criticize the government or President. Seen as a violation of free speech and used to silence Adams’ political opponents.

• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions – 1798–1799

Written by Jefferson and Madison, these political statements argued that states could nullify (reject) federal laws they thought were unconstitutional — specifically the Alien and Sedition Acts.

• Compact Theory – 1798 (This is a philosophy underlying the Resolutions)

The idea that the states created the federal government, so they have the power to judge its actions. Used to justify the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions and state rights arguments.

1. Convention of 1800 (Treaty of Mortefontaine) – 1800

Also called the Treaty of Mortefontaine — it officially ended the Quasi-War between the U.S. and France. It restored peace and improved diplomatic relations.