CH. 24 Digestive

Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?

The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.

Which of the following would inhibit both gastric secretion and gastric motility?
-vagal stimulation
-chewing and swallowing food
-cholecystokinin (CCK)
-gastrin
-large amounts of fiber in the diet

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Fatty acids and certain lipids in the duodenum initiate the release of

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Duodenal gland secretion prevents

irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes.

Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include

disaccharidases

The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the

common bile duct and pancreatic duct

What portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach?

ileum

Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent

chyme from entering the large intestine.

Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?

the jejunum and duodenum

Which of the following will stimulate intestinal motility?
-distension of the intestinal wall
-low pH
-presence of amino acids
-All of the choices will stimulate intestinal motility

distension of the intestinal wall

The pancreatic islets

are endocrine glands

Bile would flow directly from the

hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct.

The liver

consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes

Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes?
-produce digestive enzymes
-synthesize hormones
-produce hydrochloric acid
-synthesize bile
-regulate pH

synthesize bile

The hepatic sinusoids

have phagocytic cells in their lining

Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of

lipids

Bile secretion is

performed continuously by the liver

Functions of the liver include
production of many blood proteins.
interconversion of nutrients.
detoxification of harmful chemicals.
bile production.
All of these are functions of the liver.

all of these

Which of the following is NOT part of a portal triad?
-hepatic artery
-hepatic duct
-hepatic portal vein
-central vein

central vein

What connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct?

cystic duct

What is the main stimulus for bile secretion from the gallbladder?

cholecystokinin

Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum.(1) ascending colon(2) descending colon(3) sigmoid colon(4) transverse colon

1, 4, 2, 3

A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the

hepatic flexure

The major secretion of the large intestine is

mucus

Which of the following apply to the small intestine?
-Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ.
-Segmentation contractions occur in this organ.
-Both digestion and absorption occur in this organ.
-Mixing and propulsion of chyme.
-All of these choices apply to the small intestine.

all of these

The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone

cholecystokinin

The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is

pancreatic juice

Which of the following enzymes is mismatched with its substrate?
-pepsin - protein
-amylase - starch
-trypsin - nucleic acids
-lipase - fat
-deoxyribonucleases - DNA

trypsin - nucleic acids

Trypsin can activate

chymotrypsinogen

The mucosa of the colon

contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells

Feces consist of
-water.
-undigestible food.
-bacteria.
-sloughed-off epithelial cells.
-All of these are found in feces.

all of these

Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called

mass movements

Insulin increases the rate of _____ transport into cells.

glucose

Enzymes that digest carbohydrates include

amylase, maltase, and sucrase

Small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called

micelles

Arrange the following events in the correct order:(1) absorption of lipids(2) emulsification(3) micelle formation(4) digestion of lipids

2, 4, 3, 1

A cell needs a receptor in order to absorb LDL's. A disease that interferes with the functioning of these LDL receptors would

increase serum cholesterol levels

Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest:(1) dipeptide(2) protein(3) amino acid(4) polypeptide

2, 4, 1, 3

How are ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate transported from the intestinal lumen?

active transport

Parasympathetic nerves extend to the digestive tract through the ____________ nerve.

vagus

Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract?
A. pharynx
B. stomach
C. liver
D. large intestine

C

Which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from superior to inferior? A. pharynx, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine
B. oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
C. stomach, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine
D. anus, large intestine, stomach, esophagus

B

Which of the following is a function performed by the digestive system?
A. cellular respiration
B. food selection
C. elimination of undigested food
D. regulation of blood pH
E. integration and coordination of other systems

C

Which of the following is NOT a type of propulsion in the digestive tract?
A. peristalsis
B. mass movement
C. deglutition
D. segmental contraction

D

The movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into circulation or the lymphatic system is

absorption

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?
A. storage
B. protein digestion
C. absorption of aspirin
D. segmental contractions

D

Arrange the following in proper sequence:
(1) digestion
(2) elimination
(3) ingestion
(4) absorption

3, 1, 4, 2

Which of the following occurs in the large intestine?
A. chemical digestion
B. mass movements
C. mastication
D. mixing waves
E. neutralization

B

The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is

composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers

Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food consumed?

mucosa

The myenteric plexus is found in the _____ of the digestive tract wall.

muscularis

Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is
A. submucosa, mucosa, serous membrane, muscularis.
B. muscularis, lamina propria, submucosa, mucosa.
C. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
D. peritoneum, submucosa, mucosa, lamina propria.
E. submucosa, mucosa, adventitia, muscularis.

C

Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in

liquefying and digesting the food

Parasympathetic nerves extend to the digestive tract through the ____________ nerve.

vagus

What disease is caused by the absence of enteric neurons in the distal large intestine?
A. Hirschprung disease
B. multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2
C. spastic colon
D. gastroenteritis

A

The role of acetylcholine in the digestive tract is to _________, while the role of norepinephrine is to ______.

stimulate; inhibit

The abdominal cavity is lined with

parietal peritoneum

Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be

retroperitoneal

A man had a gunshot wound in his abdomen. The bullet passed through his anterior body and lodged inside the transverse colon. What layers did the bullet pass through to arrive at the location? (1) parietal peritoneum(2) visceral peritoneum
A. 1, 2
B. 1, 2, 1, 2
C. 1, 2, 2, 1
D. 1, 2, 2, 2
E. 2, 1, 1, 1

D

The oral cavity
A. opens into the nasopharynx.
B. directly connects with the esophagus.
C. contains the parotid salivary glands.
D. has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks.
E. is lined with cuboidal epithelium.

D

The tongue
A. secretes saliva.
B. plays a major role in swallowing.
C. contains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissues.
D. is attached to the hard palate.
E. functions in deglutition apnea.

B

What muscle forms the lips?

orbicularis oris muscle

Which of the following would inhibit normal movements of the tongue?
A. swollen lips
B. lingual frenulum extending to tip of tongue
C. decrease in number of taste buds
D. loss of all teeth
E. swollen tonsils

B

A swollen uvula might interfere with which of the following?
A. mastication
B. deglutition and breathing
C. chemical digestion
D. olfaction

B

Which of the following is NOT a necessary function of the tongue?
A. swallowing
B. chewing
C. taste
D. speech

D

Teeth in adults
A. are replaced by osteoblast activity if they are extracted.
B. are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw.
C. are all of the same type - molars.
D. are composed of living cells called enamel cells.
E. do not play a role in speech.

B

Inflammation of the gums is called

gingivitis

Saliva

moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth

The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the

parotid glands

The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are
A. flushing and protein digestion.
B. swallowing and fat digestion.
C. peristalsis and polysaccharide digestion.
D. moistening and starch digestion.
E. None of these choices is correct.

D

How much saliva is generally produced each day?

1 - 1½ L

Which part of the pharynx is NOT involved with food transport?

nasopharynx

The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during

the pharyngeal phase of swallowing

How does the muscularis layer of the esophagus differ from the rest of the digestive tract?

the superior part is skeletal muscle

Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of deglutition?
A. pharyngeal, voluntary, esophageal
B. esophageal, pharyngeal, voluntary
C. voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
D. voluntary, esophageal, pharyngeal

C

What moves the bolus during the esophageal phase of deglutition?

peristalsis

Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid?
A. laryngeal constriction forcing liquid through the pharynx
B. relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity
C. the tongue might be swallowed
D. nothing - swallowing will be normal
E. peristalsis will not begin

B

The esophagus
A. extends from the fauces to the stomach.
B. has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing.
C. produces two enzymes that digest proteins.
D. has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.
E. has thin walls of connective tissue.

D

Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description?
A. body - portion closest to the esophagus
B. pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach
C. fundus - opening from the stomach into the duodenum
D. cardiac region - the largest portion of the stomach
E. pyloric opening - opening from the esophagus

B

Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of

relaxation of the cardiac sphincter

Which of the following are secreted by the stomach?
A. amylase and lipase
B. pepsinogen and intrinsic factor
C. bile and lipase
D. trypsin and amylase
E. bicarbonate and secretin

B

Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?

The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.

Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach?
A. activation of salivary amylase
B. enhanced carbohydrate digestion
C. proper environment for functioning of pepsin
D. protein synthesis
E. lipid digestion

C

Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. If we inserted a large volume of highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat, which of the following responses are consistent with that?
(1) decreased gastric acid secretion
(2) increased bile production
(3) increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic enzyme secretion
(4) increased secretin and cholecystokinin
A. 1, 2, 3, 4
B. 1, 2, 3
C. 2, 3, 4
D. 1, 3, 4
E. 1, 2, 4

A

Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase of gastric secretion is called the _____ phase.

cephalic

The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the

gastric phase of gastric secretion.

Which of the following would inhibit both gastric secretion and gastric motility?
A. vagal stimulation
B. chewing and swallowing food
C. cholecystokinin (CCK)
D. gastrin
E. large amounts of fiber in the diet

C

Fatty acids and certain lipids in the duodenum initiate the release of

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called

chyme

Duodenal gland secretion prevents

irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes

Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include

disaccharidases

The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the

common bile duct and pancreatic duct

What portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach?

ileum

Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent

chyme from entering the large intestine

Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?

the jejunum and duodenum

Which of the following will stimulate intestinal motility?
A. distension of the intestinal wall
B. low pH
C. presence of amino acids
D. All of the choices will stimulate intestinal motility

A

The pancreatic islets
A. are found in the wall of the stomach.
B. excrete mucus.
C. produce digestive enzymes.
D. are exocrine glands.
E. are endocrine glands.

E

Bile would flow directly from the

hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct.

The liver
A. has two major lobes - caudate and quadrate.
B. is located on the superior surface of the diaphragm.
C. is not vascular.
D. is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen.
E. consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes.

E

Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes?
A. produce digestive enzymes
B. synthesize hormones
C. produce hydrochloric acid
D. synthesize bile
E. regulate pH

D