Articulation, Resonance, and Ingestion

Articulation

process of bringing mobile and immobile articulators into contact to shape the sounds of speech

Resonation

the sound quality given to voiced sounds by the vocal tract

Deglutition

swallowing

Mastication

chewing

Vocal Tract

Larynx creates voicing —> pharynx —> oral/nasal cavity

Mobile articulators

lips, tongue, mandible, soft palate (velum), pharynx, cheeks, and fauces

immobile articulators

alveolar ridge, hard palate, teeth

velum (soft palate)

changes direction of air flow to oral or nasal cavities

pharynx

moves to change resonance and shape of sound

fauces

alveolar ridge of maxillae

ridge behind teeth

hard palate (palatine processes of the maxilla and horizontal plates of the palatine bones)

roof of mouth

Mandible

lower jaw. uses large movements for chewing, small movements for speech

Condylar Process

articulates with the temporal bone forming the temp oro mandibular joint. top connector of the mandible

Coronoid Process

point of attachment for temporalis muscle

mandibular foramen

allows passage for inferior alveolar nerve (provides sensation for lower teeth)

Mental Foramen

allows passage of the mental nerve, which supplies sensation to the chin and lower lip

corpus (mandible)

body of the mandible

angle (mandible)

point between the vertical ramus and horizontal corpus. where the mandible starts to turn

ramus

the vertical branch of the mandible

alveolar part (ridge) or (process)

houses the teeth in dental alveoli (sacs)

Maxillae

front of face and upper jaw

frontal process

articulates with the frontal bone

zygomatic process

articulates with the zygomatic bone

Palatine process

forms the floor of the nasal cavity and the anterior ¾ of the hard palate (roof of mouth

alveolar process

houses teeth

premaxilla

anterior section of the maxillae

Incisive foramen

marks the connection of the premaxilla and both palatine processes

transverse palatine surture

suture between palatine processes of maxillae and horizontal plates of palatine bones

intermaxillary suture

suture between palatine processes. hole for cleft palate happens around here

premaxillary suture

between palatine processes and premaxilla. cleft lip happens around here

palatine bones

horizontal plates — makes up posterior ¼ of hard palate. located posterior to the maxillae

nasal bones

small bones that form the bridge of the nose

inferior nasal conchae

small scroll like bones located on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. increases the surface area for warming and humidifying air

vomer bone

contributes to the formation of the nasal septum along with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and septal cartilage

zygomatic bone

cheek bones

lacrimal bones

smallest facial bones, contribute to the formation of the medial wall of the orbital cavity. medial edge of eye sockets

crista galli

extends superiorly from the ethmoid bone into the cranial space

cribriform plate

part of ethmoid bone that separates the cranial cavity from the nasal cavities and allows passage of olfactory nerves

superior nasal concha

part of ethmoid bone that increases surface area to warm and humidify incoming air (superior portion)

middle nasal conchae

part of ethmoid bone that increases surface area to warm and humidify incoming air (middle portion)

perpendicular plate

part of ethmoid bone that contributes to the structure of the nasal septum

hypophyseal fossa (sella tursica)

part of sphenoid bones that houses the pituitary gland

lateral pterygoid plates

part of sphenoid bone. point of attachment for muscles of mastication (lateral portion)

medial pterygoid plates

part of sphenoid bone. point of attachment for muscles of mastication (medial portion)

supraorbital margin

part of the frontal bone. contributes to the orbital cavity

zygomatic process

part of the frontal bone. articulates with the zygomatic bone

coronal suture

suture between the frontal bone and parietal bones

squamosal suture

suture between the temporal and parietal bones

sagittal suture

suture between both parietal bones

lambdoidal suture

suture between occipital and parietal bones

craniosynostosis

when the sutures of the skull become ossified prematurely. can affect one or more of the sutures. often requires surgery to separate the fused bones. may or may not be associated with other genetic syndromes. can affect brain development/learning

foramen magnum

part of the occipital bone. allows passage of the spinal cord to the brainstem

condyles

part of occipital bone. resting point for the first cervical vertebra

external auditory meatus

part of temporal bone. ear canal

zygomatic process (temporal)

articulates with the temporal process of zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch

Mandibular fossa

part of temporal bone. articulates with mandibular condyle to form temporomandibular joint

styloid process

part of the temporal bone. point of attachment for various muscles

mastoid process

part of the temporal bone. point of attachment for various muscles of the neck

petrous part

part of the temporal bone. houses the organs of hearing (cochlea) and equilibrium (semicircular canals)

deciduous teeth

shedding teeth (baby teeth) 10 in each arch

successional teeth

permanent teeth. 16 in each arch

dental occlusion

relationship of upper dental arch to lower dental arch when teeth come together

class I occlusion

• normal

• netrocclusion

• first mandibular molar is one-half tooth anterior to the first maxillary molar

Class II Occlusion

• Malocclusion

• First mandibular molar is posterior to normal position

• mandible is retracted

Class III Occlusion

• Malocclusion

• first mandibular molar is anterior to normal position

• mandible is protruded

relative micrognathia

condition in which the mandible is small in relation to the maxilla. may be part of other genetic syndromes. may interfere with infant feeding. may cause abnormal alignment of the teeth

open bite

anterior teeth do not occlude (do not touch when you bite down) because of excessive eruption of posterior teeth

closed bite

posterior teeth do not occlude because of excessive eruption of anterior teeth

rugae

folds of tissue on the hard palate

soft palate (velum)

moves posteriorly to seperate oropharynx from nasopharynx

palatine tonsil

located between the two faucial pillars

uvula

aids in velopharyngeal closure. may aid in speech sounds (non-english)

buccal cavity

space between the teeth and cheeks

nasopharynx

space above the soft palate

eustachian tube

provides aeration of the middle ear

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)

where the velum reaches to in the nasopharynx

oropharynx

area posterior to the fauces, between the soft palate and hyoid bone

laryngopharynx

area bounded by the hyoid bone, epiglottis and esophagus

nasal cavity

filled with nasal conchae that aid in warming, moistening, and cleaning (filter) the air we breathe

philtrum

vertical groove located above the lips

philtril ridge

location of cleft lip

cleft lip

birth defect that causes a split or opening in the upper lip. leads to difficulties feeding in infancy. surgery will repair the lip. may need orthodontic care when older. mat or may not have speech difficulties

orbicularis oris

closes and protrudes lips. upper and lower. kissing muscle

risoirus muscle

retracts lips at the corners, aids in mastication and smiling. pushes food from cheeks and helps smile

buccinator

compresses the cheeks, moves food onto the surface of molars for mastication

levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

elevates upper lip from wing of nose

levator labii superioris

elevates upper lip

zygomatic minor

elevates upper lip from zygomatic bone

zygomatic major

elevates and retracts the angle of the mouth

levator anguli oris

pulls corners of mouth up and medially

mentalis muscle

depresses lower lip, pulls lower lip out. pout and wrinkle chin

depressor labii inferioris

depresses lower lip. pout

depressor anguli oris

depresses the corners of the mouth and helps compress the upper lip against the lower lip

platysma

depresses mandible

tip

anterior most portion of tongue

dorsum

superior surface. middle tongue

base

part of tongue located in the oropharynx

root

lower area of the tongue where it attaches to mandible

oral or palatine portion

2/3 of the tongue located in the oral cavity