AP World: Unit 2 (Units 3-4/Chapters 12-15)

Units 3-4/Chapters 12-15

Explorations Financed by Portugal

1. Prince Henry the Navigator

2. Vasco da Gama: explored eastern Africa, India

Explorations Financed by Spain

Christopher Columbus: explored Americas

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

agreement between Spain and Portugal to split colonized land between them

Explorer Amerigo Vespucci (1500)

South America

Ponce de Leon (1513)

Explored Florida

Vasco de Balboa (1513)

Explored Central America

Ferdinand Magellan (1519)

Explored South America to Philippines

Giovanni da Verrazzano (1524)

Explored the Atlantic coast North America

Sir Francis Drake (1578)

circumnavigated the globe

John Cabot (1497)

Explored North America

Henry Hudson (1609)

Explored the Hudson River

Products that aided new explorations

1. Sternpost Rudder

2. Lateen Sails

3. Astrolabe

4. Magnetic Compass

5. Three-Masted Caravels

Sternpost Rudder

invented in China - better control of ships

Lateen Sails

invented in Roman Empire - allowed directional control of ships

Astrolabe

navigation device that measured distance between sun and stars on horizon to determine latitude

Magnetic Compass

developed in China - determine direction

Three-Masted Caravels

large ships fit for longer journeys

Hernando Cortes

landed on coast of Mexico in 1519 - sought to exploit the Aztec Empire of their gold and spices

• Became very hungry for wealth and quickly seized Montezuma and began a siege of Tenochtitlan

Disease in the Aztec Empire

Spanish brought smallpox which reduced their population from 20 million in 1520 to 2 million in 1580

• Spanish were able to take control in 1525

Francisco Pizarro

• took over Inca Empire in 1531 partially due to spreading disease to them

  • Pizarro was in control of the Inca Empire by 1535

Casta System

Spanish implemented a hierarchical colonial society as they took over the New World:

1. Peninsulares: Spanish officials governing the colonies

2. Creoles: Spanish born in colonies to Spanish parents - barred from high positions but were educated and wealthy

3. Mestizos: those with European/Native American ancestry

4. Mulattos: those with European/African ancestry

5. Native Americans

Viceroys

governors of each of 5 regions of New Spain - established the encomienda system

Start of the African Slave Trade

• Europe exploited a system of slavery already existing in Africa - prisoners were supposed to serve their captors before being released

• Europeans traded for their surplus of enslaved people, but didn’t understand that they were supposed to be released

Middle Passage

Ocean passage from Africa to Americas that was brutal with treacherous waters

Where did Europe take the African slaves?

Around 13 million Africans were taken - 60% to South America, 35% to Caribbean, 5% to North America, around 20% of people on each trip perished

Columbian Exchange

• Transatlantic transfer of animals, plants, diseases, people, technology, ideas among Europe, Americas, and Africa

• Never before had so much moved across the ocean

Key Products of the Columbian Exchange

1. sugar (plantations appeared all over Spanish colonies),

2. silver (mining also in Spanish colonies)

• both used significant forced labour

Age or Exploration

trading, empire building, conquest - due to financing schemes

Joint-stock Company

pool resources of merchants to distribute costs and reducing dangers of individual investors

• Led to huge profits and modern-day concept of stock markets

Mercantilism

theory that creating a favourable balance of import and export was best - of course, this led to Europe’s intense colonialism to match their import demand

Qing Dynasty

last imperial dynasty of China; preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by the People's Republic; founded in 1644 by the Manchus and ruled China for more than 260 years, until 1912; expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and Mongolia.

Manchus

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; often had difficulties managing such a large, diverse empire

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state of Turkic speaking peoples lasting from 1453-1922; conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453; based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople); encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Safavids

A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that had a mixed culture of the Persians, Ottomans, and Arabs.

Songhai

an Islamic West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the into the 16th century; eventually defeated by the Moroccans who were broke after fighting with Portugal

Devshirme

'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries (elite military units)

Janissary

elite Ottoman guard (trained as foot soldiers or administrators) recruited from the Christian population through the devshirme system, that often converted to Islam; utilized gunpowder weapons

samurai

class of salaried warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble called a daimyo (who in turned pledged loyalty to a shogun) in return for land or rice payments

Divine Right

the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.

absolute monarchy

system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

Versailles

Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility; late 17th-early 18th century (became his primary residence around 1670)

zamindars

Mughal empire's taxation system where decentralized lords collected tribute/taxes for the emperor

Taj Mahal

beautiful mausoleum (tomb) at Agra (India) built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife; illustrates syncretic blend between Indian and Arabic architectural styles

tax farming

tax-collection system utilized by the Ottoman Empire to generate money for territorial expansion; the government hired private individuals to collect taxes

Protestant Reformation

religious movement begun by German monk Martin Luther who began to question the practices of the Catholic Church beginning in 1519; split the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations: Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches (among many others)

95 Theses

arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517; ultimately led to Martin Luther's excommunication and the Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices; began the Protestant Reformation

Counter/Catholic Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation; reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected), ended sale of indulgences and simony, created Jesuits missionaries, but also the began the Inquisition

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism (a result of the Counter Reformation); sent to China, Japan, and the New World to gain Catholic converts

indulgence

a pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins and payment; "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins"

Simony

the buying and selling of church offices, seen as a corrupt practice, this practice was outlawed by the Catholic Church during the Counter Reformation

Inquisition

Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy, a reaction to the Protestant Reformation

Thirty Years War

a war that resulted from the Protestant Reformation (1618-1648 CE); occurred in the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain who supported Roman Catholicism; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian who developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism; attracted Protestant followers with his teachings; believed in predestination

Sikhism

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam; a result of the presence of the Mughal Empire in India

Shogunate

Japanese system of government under a shogun (military warlord), who exercised actual power while the emperor was reduced to a figurehead

Daimyo

Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; owed allegiance to the shogun

Jizya

tax paid by Christians and Jews (and sometimes other faiths) who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion; often utilized by Islamic states to manage diverse populations within their empires

Millet System

A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities, with each millet (nation) enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders; a unique way to manage a diverse empire

Encomienda System

A labor system instituted by the Spanish crown during the colonization of the Americas, where Spanish settlers were granted the right to extract labor and tribute from Indigenous peoples in exchange for protection and religious instruction. This system was significant in shaping colonial society and economy in Spanish America, as it laid the groundwork for a class-based society heavily reliant on Indigenous labor.