Winter Bio Final - Kupper 22'

WHat are the 3 main goals of Science

1. Provide natural + testable explanation for events in the natural world
2. Use explanations supported by data to understand patterns
3. make useful predictions about natural events

What does biology mean?

the study of living organisms

How many characteristics of life are there?

8

Prokaryotic

no nucleus, Dna is in the cytoplasm, single celled organism

Eukaryotic

Have a nucleus, larger usually multicellular, contain organelles

asextual reproduction

involves one parent and the offspring are identical to the parent

sexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

Based on a universal genetic code

Parents pass down DNA to offsprings

Grow and develop

all living organisms can grow and change over time.

Obtain and use materials and energy

all organisms need to take in stored chemical energy and change it into usable energy

Respond to environment

living things detect changes in the environment

Maintain a stable environment

homeostasis - steady state conditions

Evolve, changing over time

species or a whole have traits that make them more adaptable to the environment

A living organism will have...

all of the characteristics of life

3 Stimuli a bird may respond to

1. temp
2. food availability
3. predator

hydrogen bonding

H+ end of one water molecule and -o end of second water molecule weak bond

covalent bond

bond between H+O in H2O

Cohesion

H2O molecules attracted to H2O molecule

Cohesion Example

Causes water to be sticky water becomes a sphere on water bc Cohesion

adheasion

H2O molecule to other substances

adhesion example

when water sticks to your body after getting out the shower

Strong acid

0-4

weak acid

4-6

neutral

7

weak base

8-11

strong base

11-14

pH is a measure of ...

the amount of H+, how acidic or basic a substance is

What is the job of a buffer

Keep the pH constant

What characteristic of life do buffer(s) help with

maintain homeostasis

Why are buffers useful to cells

It makes an environment for the cell, where reactions happen to make the products.

Polymerization

monomer+monomer = polymer

Hydrolysis

Polymer = monomer + monomer

Carbohydrate monomer

glucose

Lipid monomer

fatty acids and glycerol

Nucleic Acid monomer

Nucleotide

carbohydrate polymer

starch, glycogen

lipid polymer

triglyceride

protein polymer

polypeptide

Nucleic acid polymer

Polynucleotide, ATP, DNA, RNA

Carbohydrate elements

CHO

Lipid elements

CHO

Protein elements

CHON

Nucleic Acid Elements

CHONP

Carbohydrate Function

-Quick energy
- Stored chemical energy
- Structure in cell wall

Lipid Function

-Store energy long term
-insulation
-growth
-messenger
-part of cell membrane

Protein function

-sustained energy
-enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)
-build muscle

Nucleic Acid Function

-ATP, usable cellular energy
-DNA, Instructions, for hereditary traits
-RNA, copy to make protein

What are the 3 element found in all 4 macromolecules

CHO

What macromolecule, does amino acid belong to?

Protein

What is a chemical reaction?

Reaction where bonds of reactants are broken and bonds formed to make new products

What happens to the bonds in a chemical reaction?

Bonds are broken by putting energy in and bonds are formed and energy is released

activation energy

energy needed to put in to get reactants to products

What is the role of an enzyme?

speed up chemical reactions

How do enzymes complete their role

they lower the activation energy

which macromolecule does an enzyme belong to?

Protein

Exothermic

when more energy is released than absorbed

Endothermic

when more energy is put in that is released

what is the best pH for gastric protease

3

why would the same enzyme work best at a different pH

because they are found in different environment

which enzyme works better?

Intestinal protease

Why does intestinal protease work better

It makes more product faster

3 parts of the cell theory

1. All living organisms are made of cells
2. cells are the basic unit of life
3. cells arise from preexisting cells

Prokaryotes

-no nucleus
-no membrane bond organelle
-usually unicellular
-example: bacteria
-simple

Eukaryotes

-nucleus to project DNA
-membrane bound organelles
-usually multicellular
-Example: Fungi, protist, Animal & plants

What do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

-DNA
-Ribosome
-cytoplasm
-cell membrane

What are animal cells and what do they have in them?

-Eukaryote
-multicellular
-smaller
-vacuole
-mitocondria
-nucleus
-has a cell membrane
-No cell wall
-has a cell membrane made of lipids
-Ex: Human

What are plant cells and what do they have in them?

-Eukaryote
-multicellular
-1 large vacuole
-chloroplasts
-mitocondria
-nucleus
-has a cell wall on the exterior, then a cell membrane
- it has a cell wall made with carbohydrates
-cell membrane made of lipids
-Ex: cactus

Facts about bacteria

-prokaryote
-unicellular
-no organelles
-no nucleus
- have a cell membrane
- DNA in the cytoplasm
-has a cell wall on the outer boundary
-has a cell membrane made of lipids
-Ex: E.Coli baclecia

How is the prokaryote cell organized?

single chromosome located in the cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane the cell well surrounding it

How are eukaryotes organized?

Cytoplasm surrounds the organelles and microfilaments. Microfilaments are fiber that move organelles around to the cytoplasm.

What is the Function of the Nucleus?

directs all cellular proccers and contains genetic info

What is the Function of the Ribosome?

Makes proteins

What is the Function of the Lysosome?

digestive enzymes that break down molecules

What is the function of the Golgi

Sort, modifies products

What is the Function of the vacuole?

Storage of food, water, or waste

what is the location of the nucleus

center of the cell

what is the location of the ribosome

throughout the cytoplasm

what is the location of the lysosomes

cytoplasm

what is the location of the golgi

next to the outside of the smooth ER

what is the location of the vacuole?

the cytoplasm

what is the function of the smooth ER

makes lipids and moves substrates

what is the function of the Rough ER

makes proteins and moves substrates

what is the function of the chloroplasts

take sunlight and then turn it into glucose (stored chemical energy)

what is the function of the mitochondria

take glucose (stored chemical energy) to ATP (usable cellular energy)

what is the location of the smooth ER

outside of the rough ER

what is the location of the Rough ER

next to the nucleus

what is the location of the chloroplasts

In plant cells

what is the location of the mitochondria

In all cells and a lot in muscle cells

Animal cells

have centrioles that help with cell diffusion. They have multiple smaller vacuoles. They have lysosomes to break down molecules.

Plant cells

have chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs. 1 large vacuole for storage of water.

Starting from the DNA inside of the nucleus, trace a path to create a protein and ship it out of the cell

1. DNA inside of the nucleus has instructions to make proteins
2. In the nucleus DNA is copied to MRNA
3. MRNA leaves the nucleus to the ribosomes on the rough ER
4. Ribosomes at rough ER moves the protein
5. protein moves through smooth ER
6. protein moves to golgi: golgi sorts, modifies, and packages the protein
7. the protein moves out of the cell by active transport (specifically exocytosis)

What is the job of the cell membrane?

main job of the cell membrane is to monitor what enters and leaves the cell.

Why is the cell membrane selectively permeable?

It is selectively permeable means some substrates can pass through but others can not

Explain the structure of the cell wall and how it aids it's function

It's a strong supporting layer around cell membrane. Job: support, share, and protect the cell

Type of substance involved in passive transport

small and uncharged

Type of substance involved in facilitated transport

charged ions and large

Type of substance involved in active transport

large molecule

Type of substance involved in osmosis

water

Does passive transport require ATP

No it requires cellular energy

does facilitated transport require ATP

No it requires cellular energy