AGSM 105 Exam 2

James C Collins

Who said the following quote? "Bad decisions made with good intentions are still bad decisions"

lead service line, copper pipe with lead solder, faucets/fixtures, galvanized pipes, and lead goose necks

According to EPA, what are the sources of lead in drinking water?

plastic pipes

Which pipes are the best for sanitation?

lead pipes

Which type of pipe is being described? dull, silver gray color that is easily scratched with a coin; magnets wont cling

galvanized pipes

Which type of pipe is being described? dull, silver gray color; magnets typically cling to them

copper pipes

Which type of pipe is being described? the color of a copper penny

plastic pipes

Which type of pipe is being described? white rigid pipe

brass pipes

Which type of pipe is being described? dark reddish brown

Flint; Genesse county

which is the 12th largest city in michigan? which county is it located in?

78

The Flint river is around _____ miles long

Columbiaville

Where are Flint river's headwaters located?

April, 2014

When did the crisis in flint michigan begin? (when did they switch water sources?)

the city's drinking water was contaminated with lead and possibly legionella bacteria

What health water crisis occurred in flint?

2019

until what year did the flint water crisis last?

flint changed its water source from treated Detroit Water and Sewerage Department water (sourced from lake huron and detroit river) to the flint river

what changes in water source were made in the flint case?

a Black man was in power when the problems began, who resigned

who was in power of flint michigan when the crisis occurred?

officials failed to apply corrosion inhibitors to the water, resulting in lead from aging pipes leaching into the water supply

how did the contamination in the flint water occur?

october 2015

when did the city of flint switch back from the flint river to the detroit water system?

true

studies confirmed that lead contamination was present in the water supply of flint. true/false

because they were inexpensive and easy to work back then

why were water service lines in flint made of lead?

true

lead from pipes can leach into the water, especially when there are certain contaminants. true/false

1967

since when had flint supplied its water from the detroit water system before making the switch?

43,000 lines

how many service lines are there in flint michigan?

True

city and state officials in flint denied for months the problem with the water

40%

what percentage of the population of flint where living in poverty?

true

high blood lead levels are especially harmful to children and pregnant women

october 2014

when did general motors say it would not longer use water from the flint river because of machine corrosion

february 2015

when did city tests detect high levels of lead in tap water

true

it looked as if white people had manipulated the water testing when the problem was going on

they found e coli and total coliform bacteria

what made residents start boiling their water in flint?

by increasing chlorine levels in the water

according to michigan's department of environmental quality, how did the city address the water problem?

due to the levels of total TTHM in water

why was flint detected to be in violation of the safe drinking water act?

disenfection byproducts that occur when chlorine interacts with organic matter in water

what are trihalomethanes, or TTHM?

possible carcinogens for humans; negative health effects

what are some types of TTHM? what is their impact?

started buying bottled water for government offices

what did the city of flint do after finding out the levels of TTHM were high?

15 ppB

what is epa's limit for lead in drinking water?

13,200

how much lead was found in water according to a study done by virginia tech?

true

during the water crisis, people tried water on live tv

Brad Wurfel

who said: "anyone who is concerned about lead in drinking water in flint can relax"

MDEQ dropped 2 samples from their initial reports (one sample had a filter and the other one came form a business rather than a home)

what made the water abide by federally mandate levels again?

announces "lead in water advisory", provided free filters and water testing to citizens, and switched back to the detroit water supply

how did the city of flint act on the problem?

governor snyder

under what governor did flint switch back to detroit water?

she declared a state of emergency

what happened when flint elected a new mayor?

EPA

who issued an emergency order to take action on the flint water crisis?

true

during the water crisis, the US house of representatives held hearings

officials resigned, lawsuits were filled, criminal charges were filed against 6 flint city officials (charged with misconduct in office, conspiracy, and neglect of duty)

what were 3 negative government-related consequences of the flint crisis?

1.6 gallons

how many gallons of water per flush do low-flow toilets use?

7 gallons (industrial flow level)

how many gallons of water per flush do regular toilets use?

true

with time, toilets have been designed to use less water

5 gallons

how many gallons of water does federal law allow dishwashers to use per cycle?

3.22 gallons

how much water do modern dishwashers use?

16 gallons

how much water do old dishwashers use?

hand washing

which uses more water: hand washing or dish washers?

4-20%

dishwashers account for ____ of our daily water use.

true

new dishwashers tend to run a lot longer than older ones, yet they are advertised as using less energy and water

incandescent lightbulbs

in 2007, there was a rule that banned the use of ______ _______.

45 lumens; 75 lumens

how much lumens per watt must a light bulb emit? how much do LED bulbs emit?

determining a number of gallons that a customer can use each month for a prenegotiated fee

how are water rates being restructed?

climate change, economic restrictions, ecological restrictions, pollution, and land use change

what are factors that affect water supply?

food production, substitution of drinking water, industrial development, population growth, and climate change

what are factors that affect water demand?

irrigation

the watering of land by artificial means to foster plant growth

true

texas is prone to droughts, therefore irrigation is needed to supplement for water needs

irrigation for agricultural production

what accounts for the largest use of water in texas?

40-60%

irrigation for urban landscapes can account for _____ of a municipalities water use

true

irrigation systems required a lot of energy

using weather data like radiation, temperature, humidity, and wind

how can evapotranspiration be measured?

27, 541 gallons

how many gallons are in one acre-inch?

surface, sprinkler, and drip (microirrigation)

what are the 3 main types of irrigation?

flood and furrow

what are examples of form of surface irrigation?

center pivot, side roll, big guns

what are examples of sprinkler irrigation?

Texas Commission on Environmental Quality

who regulates landscape irrigation in texas?

true

a license is required to design, install, and repair irrigation systems

surface water(rivers and lakes) and groundwater(aquifers)

what are some water sources for irrigation?

groundwater is being depleted, which increases reliance on surface water

what is a major issue that irrigation is facing?

west

which area of texas is most irrigated?

hidalgo county

which is the most intensely irrigated county in texas?

surface water from the rio grande and they mainly use surface irrigation

what is the water source for the RGV and which type of irrigation do they use?

32

how many irrigation districts are there along the rio grande river?

San antonio, houston, dallas, and austin

what are the 4 major landscape irrigated cities in texas?

growing population, urbanization, climate variability, competition for surface water supplies, and declining groundwater supplies

what are 5 irrigation water challenged in texas?

the capture, diversion, and storage of rainwater for use in landscaping, rangeland, and other purposes

what is rainwater harvesting?

home use, landscapes, buildings, commercial, industrial, etc.

where can rainwater harvesting be used?

0.6 gallons

for each 1inch of rainfall, each square foot of a catchment footprint receives _____ gallons of water.

catchment area (square feet) x rainfall (inches) x 0.623 factor

harvested water in gallons formula

1,710 gallons (555-toilet, 450-washing machine, 350-shower, 330-faucet, 30-dishwasher)

how much water does an average person use in a month?

filters/screens, storage tanks, diverters/gutter

what are the major components of a rainwater harvesting system?

tank

which is the most expensive component of a rainwater harvesting system?

true

the sound of dripping and running water attracts animals

pressure

RWH tanks are sometimes elevated to increase ___

filtration, boiling, chemical disinfection, irradiation with UV light

what are some water treatment (disinfection) options?

removes some germs and chemicals

how does filtration work when treating water?

kills some germs but does not remove chemicals or toxins

how does chemical disinfection work when treating water?

will kill germs but wont remove chemicals

how does boiling water work when treating water?

produces minimal byproducts and provides disinfection of bacteria and viruses (no residual protection)

how does irradiation with UV light work when treating water?

residual protection for the user

what is an advantage of using chlorine to clean water?

iron, bacteria, viruses, hydrogen sulfide, manganese

what does ozone remove from water?

it is effective over a wide pH range and reacts with bacteria and viruses/ the treatment process doesnt add chemicals to the water/ can eliminate a variety of organic, inorganic, and microbiological problems and even tase and odor problems

what are advantages of using ozone to disinfect water?

higher equipment and costs, no disinfection residual, produces byproducts that might be carcinogens, may require pretreatment, less soluble in water, potential fire hazards

what are disadvantages of using ozone to disinfect water?

removing solid particles, which reduces turbidity

what does treatment for drinking water consist of?

heat (boiling) and chemicals (iodine and chlorine)

what are two ways to disinfect water?