Lecture 21a

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Which non-specific defense describes “eating cell,” engulfment of material by cell?

Activities

• Survey tissue and discover foreign material or injured/dead cells

• Ingest and eliminate these materials

• Recognize immunogenic information (antigens) in foreign material

Phagocytosis

What are the 3 main types of phagocytes?

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes » Macrophages

Which phagocyte is described:

• general purpose phagocyte

• early responders to inflammation

• High number indicates a bacterial infection

• primary component of pus

Neutrophils

What is the term for a high number of neutrophils?

Neutrophilia

Which phagocyte is described:

• primary responders to parasitic infections and antigen-antibody reactions

• Minor role in phagocytosis

Eosinophils

Which phagocyte is described:

• comes from monocytes

• larger size with more lysosomes and other organelles

• Fixed in tissue or free

  • all can move

  • Histiocytes

  • Drift through the RES

• Phagocytes, scavengers

• Interact with B & T cells

Macrophages

What is the term for macrophages that reside in one tissue location?

Histiocytes

[True or False]

Macrophages work with B and T cells.

True

What is the term for the movement towards or away from a chemical agent » recognition?

Directed by

• pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

  • Peptidoglycan

  • LPS

  • dsRNA

• Foreign debris

Chemotaxis

Chemotaxis is directed by what 2 things?

PAMPs and foreign debris

What are the steps of phagocytosis in order?

Ingestion, Phagolysosome, Destruction

What is the first step of phagocytosis in which pseudopods enclose the pathogen or foreign material forming a phagosome?

Ingestion

What is the second step of phagocytosis in which lysosomes fuse with the phagosome and antimicrobial chemicals are released into it?

Phagolysosome

What is third step of phagocytosis in which destructive chemicals are released inside the phagolysosome and the undigestible debris are released?

Destruction

Destructive chemicals that is released inside a phagolysosome include the Oxygen-dependent system (Oxidative burst [oxidizing agents] and Enzymes) and what other thing?

Nitric Oxide

What is the term for the antimicrobial protein (type of cytokine) synthesized by WBCs and Tissue cells due to viral infections, microbe infections, RNA, immune products, and antigens?

Interferon (IFN)

Which interferon class is described:

• product of lymphocytes and macrophages

• activates natural killer cells

• antiviral activity in innate immune response

Interferon Alpha (α)

Which interferon class is described:

• product of fibroblasts and epithelial cells

• may help B and T cells mature and in inflammation

• antiviral activity in innate immune response

Interferon Beta (β)

Which interferon class is described:

• product of T cells

• inhibits cancer cells

• innate and adaptive immunity against viral, some bacterial and protozoal infections

Interferon Gamma (γ)

[Fill in the Blanks]

Interferon Activity/Process

1. Binds to cell surfaces and induce changes in (BLANK) expression

   • ex: virus binds to host cell

2. A signal is sent to the nucleus to synthesize (transcription and translation) (BLANK)

3. Interferon is (BLANK)

4. Interferon binds to other (BLANK) cells

5. Host cells produce (BLANK) proteins

   • inhibits viral multiplication or translation

genetic, interferon, secreted, host, antiviral

[True or False]

Interferons are virus-specific and no deficiencies happen.

False

Which non-specific immunity is described:

• consists of over 50 blood proteins

• produced by liver hepatocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes

• circulate in the blood stream

• cascade reaction

Complement

What is the term for the type of reaction in Complement where one step activates the next and so on?

Cascade Reaction

Which complement pathway is described:

• rapid, efficient

• activated by the presence of antibody bound to microbes

Classical

Which complement pathway is described:

• activated when a host serum protein binds a sugar (mannan) in the wall of fungi and other microbes

Lectin

Which complement pathway is described:

• slower, less efficient

• activated when complement proteins bind to cell wall or surface components of microbes (bacteria, fungal, virus, parasite)

Alternative

What are the 4 stages of the Complement Pathways in order?

Initiation (from any of the complement pathways), Amplification & Cascade (make lots of protein parts), Polymerization (assemble membrane attack complex), Membrane Attack (protein attaches to microbe membrane)

Which non-specific immunity is described:

• Insert into the bacterial membrane (disrupts membrane)

• Short [redacted]

  • 12-50 amino acids

• Examples

  • Bacteriocins, Defensins, Magainins, Protegrins

• Innate and adaptive immunity

Antimicrobial Peptide

[True or False]

The non-specific immunity Antimicrobial Peptide is not considered to be a potential antimicrobial drug.

False

Which non-specific immunity is made by the host to limit viral replication processes?

Restriction Factors

Restriction factors include what 2 things?

Proteins and Nucleic Acids

[Fill in the Blanks]

Functions of Restriction Factors

1. (BLANK) to virus parts

2. Prevent virus (BLANK)

3. Prevent (BLANK)

4. Prevent (BLANK)

bind, synthesis, assembly, release

Interferons are:

1. Produced by lymphocytes and macrophages

2. Produced by fibroblasts

3. Produced by T cells

4. All of the above are correct

4

Pyrogens cause

1. inflammation

2. fever

3. swelling

4. phagocytes

2

Macrophages are

1. Originally monocytes

2. Causes of fever

3. Phagocytes

4. Both 1 and 2

5. Both 1 and 3

6. Both 2 and 3

7. All of the above

5

Fever is part of what second line of defense mechanism?

1. Inflammation

2. Phagocytosis

3. Complement

4. Interferon

1