Chapter 13 - Processes of Evolution
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24 Terms
Evolution
The change in genetic composition of populations over time (microevolution)
Macroevolution
The origin and extinction of species and fuel the diversification of life
Evidence of evolutionary change
in laboratory experiments, in natural populations, and in the fossil record
Importance of studying evolution
study and treatment of diseases, development of crops and industrial processes
Why study evolution
evolutionary theory provides a framework for understanding living organisms: from economy to complexity
Evolutionary theory
our understanding of the mechanisms that result in genetic changes in populations through generations
Who was the first to propose an explanation of evolution
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
explanation proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1809
What two works influenced Darwin
Lyell’s principles of Geology (1830)
Malthus’ An essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
Lyell’s Principles of Geology (1830)
proposed that forces we see today are also responsible for events in the past and have caused the geological features of the earth
Earth is “indefinitely old”
Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
populations have the potential for rapid increase, but are kept in check by limited resources
What does selection do
simply increases the frequency of the favored trait from one generation to the next
Limited resources and overproduction of offspring create a
“struggle for existence”
Darwin’s great insight
individuals that fit the environment better will be more likely to survive and reproduce
Descent with modification
divergent species share a common ancestor
natural selection
the mechanism that produces change
Darwin’s three conditions for natural selection to occur
a population must have variation in a trait
that variation must be heritable
some variants must be better able to survive and reproduce than others (i.e. have higher fitness)
Alfred Russel Wallace
independently arrived at the idea of evolution by natural selection in 1858
Darwin’s novel
On the Origin of Species
homologous bone structures
anatomical features in different species that share a similar, inherited skeletal pattern
Vestigial structures
non-functional or reduced anatomical features
