Linguistics

TEST 1

[i]

he, see, lean

• high, front, tense vowel

[ɪ]

sit, bit, miss

• high, front, lax vowel

[ej]

day, lay, hurray

• mid, front, tense vowel

[ɛ]

set, kept, lemon

• mid, central, tense vowel

[æ]

cat, lap, crap

• low, front, lax vowel

[aj]

my, lie, cry

• low, central, tense vowel

[aw]

cow, down, crown

• low, central, tense vowel

[ə]

sofa, magazine, handle

• mid, central, lax vowel

[ʌ]

cup, sun, love

• mid, central, lax vowel

[u]

goose, loot, choose

• high back, rounded, tense vowel

[ʊ]

foot, cook, look

• high, back, rounded, lax vowel

[ow]

go, slow, row

• mid, back, rounded, tense vowel

[oj]

boy, toy, coin

• mid, back, rounded, tense vowel

[ɑ]

father, spa, calm

• low back, tense vowel

[p]

voiceless, bilabial, stop

[b]

voiced, bilabial, stop

[m]

voiced, bilabial, nasal

[f]

voiceless, labiodental, fricative

[v]

voiced, labiodental, fricative

[θ]

voiceless, interdental, fricative

[ð]

voiced, interdental, fricative

[t]

voiceless, alveolar, stop

[d]

voiced, alveolar, stop

[s]

voiceless, alveolar, fricative

[z]

voiced, alveolar, fricative

[n]

voiced, alveolar, nasal

[l]

voiced lateral, alveolar, liquid

[r]

voiced retroflex, alveolar, liquid

[ʃ]

voiceless, alveopalatal, fricative

[ʒ]

voiced, alveopalatal, fricative

[t͡ʃ]

voiceless, alveopalatal, affricate

[d͡ʒ]

voiced, alveopalatal, affricate

[j]

voiced, alveopalatal, glide

[k]

voiceless, velar, stop

[g]

voiced, velar, stop

[ŋ]

voiced, velar, nasal

[ʍ]

voiceless, velar, glide

[ʔ]

voiceless, glottal, stop

[h]

voiceless, glottal, fricative

Linguistic Competence

what people know about language and the rules built in

• know it subconsciously

Prescriptive rule

What people say you should do when speaking

• correctness

descriptive rule

what people actually do when they are speaking

• may not follow proper gramma or pronunciation

Universal

things every language has in common

Split Infinitive

word between the word to and a verb

• to quickly go

Phonetics

study of speech sound

• Articulatory phonetics: sound waves

• acoustic: vocal tract that produces sound

Phones/segment

individual speech sound

• differ from number of letters

• have universal speech sound

• babies are born with the ability to understand speech sounds better

• majority are pulmonic eggressive

Orthography

spelling system

• english is unsystematic because one letter does not = one phone

Vocal tract

• pharynx

• oral cavity

• nasal cavity

Consonants

• constricted articulation

• quieter

Vowels

• open articulation

• louder

• voiced

• nucleus of word

Glides

both consonants and vowels

• rapid articulation

Diphthong

a single vowel sound that involves a smooth glide from one vowel position to another within the same syllable.

Articulation

where tongue goes

• up and down

• front and back

• lip rounding 

• mid vowels

• central vowels

• tense vowels

• lax vowels

places of articulation

• labial: lips

  • bilabial: both lips

  • labio-dental: upper teeth and lower lip

• dental: using teeth

  • interdental: tongue between teeth

• Alveolar: against alveolar ridge

• alveopalatal: behind alveolar ridge

• Palatal: palate

• Velar: velum

• Uvular: uvular

• pharyngeal: constricting airflow in pharynx

• Glottal: using vocal folds

  • glottal stop: uh oh

Manner of Articulation

ways lips, tongue, velum, glottis can be positioned in different ways to produce different sounds

Nasality

velum is raised/lowered

Stops

complete closure in oral cavity/glottis

• oral stops: velum raised

• nasal stops: velum lowered

Fricatives

continuous airflow through mouth with audible noise

Affricates

non-continuant consonants with slow release of closure

Liquids

oral sonorous consonants

Phonological processes

easier to produce/perceive

Assimilation

1 segment becomes more similar to near by segments

• nasal

• voicing

• place

Dissimilation

articulation of a segment becomes less similar to the nearby segments

• fricative (fifths)

Deletion

speech sound removed from sequences

Epenthesis

speech sound added into sequence of speech sounds

Metathesis

order of sequence is swapped

Vowel reduction

vowel moves to more central position in unstressed syllable