Modern medicine (modern)

NHS, Beveridge report and the Welfare State

• 📥 welfare state- the gov committing to protect the health of its people

• ☎ 1942 Beveridge report- highlighted the issues within society: disease, want, ignorance, idleness

  • demanded change, triggered NHS

• 📥 1948 NHS set up by Labour to supply health care

  • help for the poor

  • opposition from doctors, patients had to pay for prescriptions from 1951

cost, choices and issues of healthcare

• ⛪ charities, churches disagreed with NHS

• doctors worried they would lose money

• 📥 prices rose to maintain NHS, more demand than expected

• long waiting lists, dirty wards, understaffed hospitals

development of pharmaceutical industry

• 🔬 1st antibiotic discovered- penicillin

• 📥 investments in pharmaceutical

• 🔬vaccines developed e.g. HPV

• 🔬 use of IVF first birth in 1978

penicillin- discovery (Fleming) and development

• 🎲🔬 Fleming- went on holiday- when returned noticed mould had stopped bacteria growing

  • never tested it on animals- not ‘pure’ enough

  • ☎ published findings in 1929

• 🔬🧍‍♂ 1937- Chain and Florey researched into penicillin

  • recieved money from gov

  • 1941- tested on humans for first time

  • 📥⚔ 1945- gov paid for it to have treated 250,000 soldiers, 15% saved by penicillin

new diseases and treatments

• bacteria evolve- antibiotics don’t work

  • ‘superbugs’

• 🔬 1953- stem cells discovered

• 🔬 2003- human genome project

• 🔬 2006- HPV vaccine

• 🔬 2013- first liver grown from stem cells

alternative treatments

• aromatherapy- essential oils- good emotions

• acupuncture- needles- balance energy

• hypnotherapy- hypnosis- evokes positivity

• homeopathy- same symptoms- cure

blood

• 🧍‍♂ 1901- Karl Landsteiner developed blood groups

• ⚔ WW1- colossal loss of blood- scientists worked harder to develop blood transfusions

• 📥 national blood banks produced

⚔ impact of war and technology on surgery

• 🔬 heart surgery developed during WW2

• 🔬 plastic surgery developed during WW1

• 🔬 splints developed during WW1- used today

• 🔬 surgeons worked out how to soak wounds WW1

modern surgical methods- lasers, keyhole surgery

• 🔬 lasers used for eye surgery, cancer treatments and control of bleeding

• 🔬 keyhole surgery uses microscopic cameras

  • reduces risk of infection

  • speeds up recovery time

transplant surgery

• 🔬 1960- first kidney transplant

• 🔬 1986- first heart, lung liver transplant

• 🔬 2006- first partial face transplant

• 🔬 2008- first full face transplant

importance of Booth, Rowntree and Boer war

• ☎ 1898- Booth report highlighting link between poverty and high death rates

• ☎ 1901- Rowntree report showed 30% of people lived in poverty

• ⚔📥 1898-1901- Britain lost Boar war due to 40% of soldiers being written off due to poor living conditions

📥 Liberal social reforms and WW1

• 📥 1900- working class gained the vote

• 📥 1906-1911- social reforms

  • free school meals

  • old age pensions

  • sick benefits

• 📥⚔ WW1- caused bigger demand for peoples right to healthcare- increased popularity of liberal gov