Philosophy Exam 2

Two Principles of Justice

• John Rawls, Justice as Fairness

• The first principle of justice is each person has a basic right to the most extensive scheme of equal basic liberties. The second principle of justice is social and economic inequalities are arbitrary unless it is to everyone's advantage and everyone shares an equal opportunity.

• The first principle is reminiscent of equality and mandates equal treatment for all individuals. The second principle ensures everyone is given a fair and equal opportunity to gain economic and social status

• An example of the first principle would be the first amendment of the constitution and an example of the second principle would be a school in which everyone receives a quality education regardless of background. 

Ethics of Care

• Eva Kittay, The Ethics of Care, Dependence and Disability

• Care ethics imply that there is moral significance to relationships and dependencies in human life

• It implies that giving and receiving care is a moral action and promotes caring for those who are weak and dependent.

• An example would be taking care of a newborn baby as it is weak and dependent on others.

Five Faces of Oppression

• Iris Young, Five Faces of Oppression

• The five faces of oppression are Exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism and violence. 

• Exploitation is when one group is forced into labor for the benefit of another, marginalization is a whole group of people rejected by social system, powerlessness is when a group is unable to have any authority at any point, cultural imperialism is when individuals are reduced to stereotypes, and violence is heinous action directed at an unjustly hated social group. 

• An example of cultural imperialism would be world war II

Effects and Motives Vice

• Battaly, Vice and Failures of Virtue

• The idea of effects for vice states that they are vices because they produce bad outcomes or effects. The idea behind motive vices is that bad motives are intrinsically bad and will produce bad effects. 

• The effects idea suggests vices are reliably bad while the motives vices suggest that vices are only vicious if the intent is also vicious.

• Ex. Giving someone food they are allergic to/ punching someone in the back and they happen to be choking

Testimonial Injustice

• Miranda Fricker, Testimonial Injustice

• Testimonial injustice refers to the dismissal of someone's thoughts or feelings due to prejudice about that person from the listener. 

• Hearers are unjust by applying the prejudice to the speaker whom experiences testimonial injustice

• An example of testimonial injustice is a doctor not listening to a patient complaining about pain because of their age

Card-Carrying Feminist

• Miranda Fricker, Testimonial Injustice

• The card-carrying feminist is a person who has no sexist views but has residual prejudice in the form of perception.

• Fricker considers the CCF as having the vice of testimonial injustice

• Ex. a feminist who actively works to uphold feminist values

Moral Anger

• Audre Lorde, The Uses of Anger

• Moral anger is getting angry about the right things with the right people

• There are hot temper which is misguided anger that dissipates quick and bad temper which is misguided anger that is consistent

• Lorde’s example of moral anger is her anger towards women who oppress others when they themselves are oppressed

The Sympathy Gap

• Cherry, The Errors and Limitations of our “Anger Evaluating” Ways

• We tend to sympathize more with anger depending on its direct proximity to us

• Our families and friends receive more sympathy from us then strangers for the same anger

• An example is a family members political stance