AP Language Writing Multiple Choice Terms

transition/transitional phrase

Words or phrases used to connect ideas, sentences, or paragraphs in writing, helping to maintain a logical flow and guide the reader through the argument or narrative.

exigence

The urgency or issue that prompts someone to write or speak, often in response to a problem or need that requires attention or action.

line of reasoning

The logical structure of an argument or explanation, showing how one point leads to or supports another.

relevant evidence

Information or data that directly supports or is closely related to the argument or claim being made.

contextualize

To place something within its context or situation, providing background information to help understand its meaning or significance.

independent clause

A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate (verb) and expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence.

line of reasoning

A statement or part of a text that outlines or introduces the points or structure of the argument that will be developed later.

parenthetical text

A portion of text that is inserted into a sentence to provide additional information, usually set off by parentheses, commas, or dashes.

rebut/rebuttal

A rebuttal is a counter-argument or response that challenges or disproves another argument. To rebut is to provide such a response.

primary source

An original document or firsthand account, such as a historical document, interview, or scientific data, created at the time under study.

counters/counter argument

An argument or viewpoint that opposes the one being presented. It can be used to challenge the validity of a claim.

refute/refutation

To disprove or argue against a claim or argument, showing that it is invalid or incorrect.

Example: The rise in the obesity epidemic may not be linked to access to food, but a neurological addiction to sugar

connotation

The implied or associated meanings of a word, beyond its literal definition. It includes emotional or cultural associations.

Example: Many people believe that the word "fat" has a negative connotation.

absolutes/absolute terms

Words or phrases that indicate something is certain, unchanging, or extreme, such as "always," "never," or "everyone." These can be problematic as they leave no room for exceptions.

Example: A controversial study claimed that children who have a parent that is an addict always follow in their footsteps.

scientific research

The systematic investigation and study of materials, facts, or phenomena to establish or confirm facts, theories, or principles in a specific field.

Example: Findings from experiments/research such as clinical trials for cancer related treatment options

situate the passage

To place a text or passage in its appropriate context, considering its background, purpose, and relevance to the broader argument or subject.

Example: Several politicians have expressed concern over citizen's rights since the origin of the country. Founding Father Thomas Jefferson had reservations about the Constitution, so wrote a Bill of Rights to ensure the rights to the common man. The document declares…

imply/implies

To suggest or convey an idea indirectly without stating it explicitly. When something is implied, it is not openly expressed but is understood through context or inference.

Example: The silence in the room was deafening.(Implies a strong sense of awkwardness or tension)

ambiguity

The quality of being open to more than one interpretation, often due to unclear or vague language, which can lead to confusion or multiple meanings.

Example: Using language that allows for multiple interpretations, Creating uncertainty, Leaving multiple questions unanswered

reliable source

A source of information that is credible, accurate, and trustworthy. Reliable sources are typically well-researched, expert-backed, and free of bias.

Example: Ethical appeal, Mentioning professions or qualifications

credibility of the argument/source

The trustworthiness or reliability of the argument or the source providing the information. A credible argument is one that is logically sound, well-supported by evidence, and presented by a trustworthy source.

Example: Qualifications that prove the source is reliable in evidence and the actual source, Unbiased

qualify the claim

To limit or modify a claim to make it more accurate or nuanced, often by acknowledging exceptions or conditions that apply.

Example: "all students enjoy studying," can be changed to "some students enjoy studying." to make it more accurate.

engage the audience's interest

The practice of capturing and maintaining the reader's or listener's attention, typically through compelling content, emotional appeal, or interesting presentation.

Example: "Have you ever stopped to wonder…?"

formal versus informal style

-Formal style refers to writing that follows conventional grammar, structure, and tone, often used in professional or academic contexts.

-Informal style is more casual, conversational, and often used in personal or relaxed settings.

Example:

-"Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. How is everyone feeling tonight?"

-"Hey guys! What's up?"

subordination

The process of making one part of a sentence (e.g., a clause) dependent on another. This can be done using subordinating conjunctions like "although," "because," or "if."

Example:

-If Tom and Jerry they hadn't gone to the park, they would have missed the festival going on

-Because I forgot my umbrella, I got wet.

limit the scope

To narrow the focus or boundaries of a topic, argument, or research to make it more manageable and specific.

Example: The impact of controller based video games on male med-students coordination in New York.

stylistically consistent

Maintaining a uniform tone, language, and structure throughout a piece of writing, ensuring that it flows smoothly and remains cohesive.

Example: Sandwich method or alternative method

provide statistical information

The use of numbers, data, or research findings to support or demonstrate a point or argument. This often includes percentages, averages, or other quantifiable measures.

Example: 42.5% of Americans are obese

potential bias

The possibility that the information or argument presented may be influenced by personal opinions, preferences, or outside factors that skew the neutrality or fairness of the content.

Example: Using terms like "disgusting" or "irrational" shows potential bias against a piece of evidence

contrasting perspective

A viewpoint that is different from or in opposition to another perspective, often used to provide a more balanced or comprehensive discussion of a topic.

Example: Discussions or debates between republicans and democrats (differing political parties)

recent findings

The latest discoveries or research results on a particular topic, typically presented to highlight new developments, insights, or trends.

Example: Scientists discovered the "new color" named olo that cannot be seen by the natural eye.