Unit 5: Revolutions - The Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution.

The Enlightenment

An intellectual movement that applied rationalist and empiricist approaches to understanding the natural and human world.

Natural rights

Rights that all humans are born with, proposed during the Enlightenment.

Social Contract

An Enlightenment concept encouraging the overthrow of a tyrannical government.

Popular sovereignty

The belief that the power to rule should belong to the people.

Democracy

A system where all people can participate in government.

Liberalism

An ideology emphasizing protection of civil rights, representative government, and free-market trade.

Nationalism

A sense of commonality among people based on shared language, customs, and often a common enemy.

Suffrage

The right to vote, which expanded after the American Revolution.

Feminism

A movement calling for women’s suffrage and equality, influenced by Enlightenment ideas.

Industrialization

The process of developing industries in a country or region, significantly changing economic and social structures.

Transnational business

A business that operates in more than one country, such as the Dutch East India Company.

Marxism

A theory of socialism developed by Karl Marx, advocating for the working class to rise against the bourgeoisie.

Self-Strengthening Movement

A late 19th-century initiative in China to reform and modernize while maintaining traditional culture.

Tanzimat Reforms

A series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire aimed at modernization and adopting Western legal codes.

Industrial working class

The lower tier of the social hierarchy consisting of factory workers and miners that emerged in industrialized societies.

Urbanization

The migration of people from the countryside to cities, often resulting in housing shortages and public health crises.

Cholera

A disease that spread due to rapid urbanization and sanitation failures during industrialization.