Foundations Exam 3

Intracellular Fluid

Compromises 2/3 total body water

40% body weight in adult

Extracellular Fluid

1/3 total body water

made up of interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid (plasma), and transcellular fluids

osmosis

movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

diffusion

passive movement of solutes from high to low concentration

filtration

movement of fluid in capillaries due to pressure differences

hypovolemia

Tachycardia, thready pulse, orthostatic hypotension, dry mucous membranes, decreased urine

output, increased Hematocrit and BUN, poor skin turgor.

hypervolemia

Bounding pulse, peripheral edema, jugular venous distention (JVD), crackles in the lungs, dyspnea, decreased Hematocrit and BUN.

isotonic solutions

osmolality: same as plasma

Water moves equally in and out of cells

0.9% normal saline, lactated ringer’s

hypotonic solutions

osmolality: less than plasma

Water moves into cells by osmosis

can cause edema

0.45% normal saline (half normal saline)

hypertonic solutions

osmolality: greater than plasma
Water moves out of cells by osmosis

3% saline, D5NS (5% dextrose normal saline)

135-145

sodium normal range

Sodium

an essential electrolyte in the body, primarily responsible for maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions. It’s normal range in the body is 135-145 mEq/L

Hyponatremia

hypernatremia

high sodium levels in the blood >145 mEq/L

Thirst (primary symptom), restlessness, agitation, confusion, lethargy

3.5-5.0

potassium normal range

potassium

Essential for cardiac function, regulates muscle contraction, maintains ICF osmolality

Hypokalemia

< 3.5 mEq/L a condition characterized by low potassium levels in the blood, leading to symptoms like weakness, cramps, and arrhythmias.

hyperkalemia

> 5.0 mEq/L, muscle weakness, nausea, cardia dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest

water

_____ follows sodium

Hypovolemia

Signs: Tachycardia, thready pulse, orthostatic hypotension, dry mucous membranes, decreased urine output, increased Hematocrit and BUN, poor skin turgor.

hypervolemia

Signs: Bounding pulse, peripheral edema, jugular venous distention (JVD), crackles in the lungs, dyspnea, decreased Hematocrit and BUN.

potassium

what imbalance is most life threatening due to its effect on the heart

carbonic acid

what do lungs excrete in the form of CO2

hyperventilation

excretes more CO2 decreases acid

hypoventilation

excretes less CO2 increases acid

metabolic acid

what do kidneys excrete

bicarbonate

whhat do the kidneys reabsorb/regenerate

alkaninity

what does the kidneys adding new bicarbonate to the blood increase

7.35-7.45

normal pH range

PaCO2

measure of how effectively the lungs are removing CO2

35-45 mmHg

normal PaCO2

HCO3

main marker for kidney function, crucial electrolyte that maintains blood pH balance

22-26

normal HCO3 range

Cascade Iatrogenesis

The sequence of multiple complications caused by the medical intervention of a prior complication (common in older

adults).

presbycusis

age related hearing loss especially with high frequency sounds

presbyopia

age related far sightedness