A&P1.. Practical exam 2

Supination

rotation of forearm and palm of hand anteriorly or upwards

pronation

rotation of forearm and palm of hand posteriorly or downwards

elevation

movement of body part upward

depression

movement of of body downward

dorsiflexion

movement of ankle joint superior or closer to the body

plantar flexion

movement of ankle joint closer to the ground

inerversion

medial movement of sole of foot at ankle joint

eversion

lateral movement of sole of foot at ankle joint

protraction

anterior movement in the transverse plane

retraction

movement in the transverse plane

medial rotation

movement towards midline of the body

lateral rotation

movement away from midline

abduction

movement away from body

adduction

movement towards body

flexion

bending joint closer to and angle

extention

straighten joint or making less of an angle

hyperextention

going past 180 angle

circumduction

full 360 rotation of a joint

pivot joint

gliding joint

hinge joint

saddle joint

condyle joint

ball-in-socket joint

tendon

muscle to bone

ligament

bone to bone

fascia

a thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber and muscle in place

epimysium

surrounds the entire muscle

perimysium

the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers.

endomysium

a wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual muscle fiber, or muscle cell

fascicle

a bundle of structures, such as nerve or muscle fibers

axon of motor neuron

transmits signal to other neurons, muscles, and glands or from sensory end organs

muscle fiber

consist of a single muscle cell

sarcolemma

cell membrane surrounding a skeletal muscle fibre

sarcoplasmic reticulum

is a membrane-bound structure found within muscle cells that is similar to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in other cells

myofibril

a basic rod-like organelle of a muscle cell

actin

globular multi-functional proteins

myosin

prototype of a molecular motor

thick filaments

made up of myosin, a protein consisting of a tail and two globular heads

thin filaments

protein actin

transverse tubule

extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the center of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells

agonist

muscle responsible for the action movement

antagonist

muscle responsible for action in the opposite direction of an agonist or for resistance to an agonist

synergist

muscle that assists an agonist, often by supplementing the contraction force

sarcoplasm

cytoplasm of a muscles cell

astrocyte

star-shaped neuroglial between neuron and blood vessels

axon

nerve fiber arising from a slight elevation of the cell body that conducts an impulse away from the cell body

Nissl bodies

corresponds to rough endoplasmic reticulum in other cells

collateral

branching of an axon

dendrite

neuron process with many branches that conducts an impulse towards the cell body

myelin sheath

substance of Schwann cell composed of lipoprotein that insulates axon and increases impulse speed

nerilemma

sheath of Schwann cell contain cytoplasm and nucleus that encloses myelin

neurofirbrils

network if fine threads extending into nerve fiber

effector

structure capable of responding into motor impulse

ependymal cell

cells that cover the inside spaces of the brain ventricles and help regulate cerebrospinal fluid

ganglion

specialized mass of neuron cell bodies outside the brain or spinal cord

interneuron

transmits impulse from sensory to motor neuron within central nervous system

microglia

phagocytic neuroglia

motor efferent neuron

transmits impulse out of the brain or spinal cord to effectors

oligodendrocyte

myelin-forming neuroglia in the brain and spinal cord

sensory afferent neuron

transmits impulse into brain or spinal cord from receptors

central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

cerebral cortex

thin layer of gray matter on surface of cerebrum; memory, thinking, learning, reasoning, problem-solving, emotions, consciousness, and sensory functions

corpus callosum

connects cerebral hemispheres

falx cereblli

layer of dura mater that separates cerebellar hemispheres

gyrus

ridge on surface of cerbrum

hypothalamus

part of diencephalon that forms lower walls and floor of third ventricle; body temperature, hunger and thirst, mood, sex drive, blood pressure and sleep.

diencephalon

inner ventricle of brain

insula

part of the brainstem between diencephalon and pons; o basic survival needs, such as taste, visceral sensation, and autonomic control

medulla oblongata

part of the brainstem continuous with the spinal cord; heartbeat

optic chiasma

structure formed by the crossing-over of the optic nerves; visual information from the eye to the corte

pineal gland

cone-shaped gland attached to upper posterior portion of the diencephalon; circadian rhythm by secreting the hormone melatonin

pons

rounded bulge on underside of brainstem; handles unconscious processes and jobs, such as your sleep-wake cycle and breathing

abducens

stimulates lateral rectus muscle of eye

accessory

controls neck and shoulder movement

facial

stimulates superiors oblique muscle of eye

glossopharyngeal

swallowing

hypoglossal

controls tongue movement

oculomotor

pupil constriction and eyelid opening

olfactory

smell

optic

vision

trigeminal

sensory impulse from teeth and face

trochlear

taste, salvation, and secretion of tears

vagus

regulates heart rate

vestibulocochlear

equilibrium and hearing

arachnoid mater

thin, web-like middle membrane

denticulate ligament

band of pia mater that anchors dura mater to cord

dura sinus

channel through which venous blood flows

dura mater

outermost layer of meninges

epidural space

separates dura mater from bone of verebra

pia mater

follows irregular contours of spinal cord surface

subarachnoid space

contains cerebrospinal fluid

auditory tube

connects middle ear in temporal bone

bony (osseous) labyrinth

boney canal of inner ear in temporal bone

ceruminous gland

wax-secreting structure

external acoustic meatus

S-shaped tube leading to tympanic membrane

malleus

auditory ossicle attached to tympanic membrane

membranous labyrinth

tube containing endolymph within boney (osseous) labyrinth

Scala tympani

extends from apex of cochlea to round window and contains perilymph

Scala vestibuil

leads from oval window to apex of cochlea and contains perilymph