GENBIO L2 Q3

EVOLUTION

THE CENTRAL UNIFYING CONCEPT OF BIOLOGY THAT EXPLAINS THE PATTERNS AND PROCESSES ACROSS LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION

SHARED TRAITS AMONG ORGANISMS TRACED TO COMMON ANCESTORS

PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION

EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS THAT GUIDE SYSTEMATICS

SPECIATION

MECHANISMS THAT EXPLAIN HOW NEW SPECIES ARISE FROM ANCESTRAL POPULATIONS

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

GENOMICS IDENTIFIES RESISTANCE GENES AND THEIR MOBILE ELEMENTS, HELPING DESIGN COMBINATION THERAPIES TO SLOW RESISTANCE SPEED

VACCINE DESIGN

SEQUENCING PATHOGENS REVEALS ANTIGENIC VARIATION AND CONSERVED TARGETS

PRECISION MEDECINE

PATIENT GENOMES REVEAL VARIANTS AFFECTING DRUG METABOLISM, DISEASE RISK, AND THERAPY RESPONSES

CROP BREEDING

SPEED BREEDING BY LINKING DNA MARKERS TO DESIREABLE TRAITS LIKE YIELD, DROUGHT TOLERANCE, DISEASE RESISTANCE

PEST MANAGEMENT

UNDERSTANDING PEST GENOMES AND RESISTANCE MECHANISMS HELPS DESIGN PESTICIDES

MANAGEMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY

POPULATION GENOMICS MEASURES INBREEDING, GENE FLOW, AND CAPTIVE BREEDING, TO MAINTAIN ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL

DETECTING HYBRIDS AND CRYPTIC SPECIES

GENOMIC DATA CLARIFY SPECIES BOUNDARIES AND INFORM PROTECTION PRIORITIES AND LEGAL STATUS

DISEASE RISK AND ADAPTATION

GENOMICS HELPS PREDICT WHICH POPULATIONS CAN ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE OR RESIST EMERGING PATHOGENS

INDUSTRIAL MICROBES AND ENZYMES

GENOMIC AND METAGENOMIC SCREENING IDENTIFIES ENZYMES, SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY ASSEMBLES PATHWAYS IN OPTIMIZED HOSTS FOR SCALEABLE PRODUCTION

PROTEIN ENGINEERING

KNOWLEDGE OF SEQUENCE STRUCTURE RELATIONSHIPS ENABLES RATIONAL DESIGN AND DIRECTED EVOLUTION

DNA PROFILING

MARKERS ALLOW INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION, KINSHIP ANALYSIS, AND ANCESTRY INFLUENCE

WILDLIFE FORENSICS AND FOOD FRAUD

GENOMIC ASSAYS DETECT ILLEGAL TRADE IN PROTECTED SPECIES, SPECIES SUBSTITUTION, OR GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN OF SAMPLES

MICROBIAL FORENSICS

GENOMIC SEQUENCING CAN ATTRIBUTE AND TRACE OUTBREAKS OR BIOTHREATS BY COMPARING PATHOGEN GENOMES

PATHOGEN DISCOVERY

METAGENOMICS DETECTS NOVEL AGENTS WITHOUTPRIOR KNOWLEDGE, ENABLING RAPID IDENTIFICATION OR OUTBREAK CAUSES

PHYLODYNAMICS AND TRANSMISSION MAPPING

SEQUENCING OF PATHOGEN GENOMES DURING OUTBREAKS

PREDICTING ZOONOTIC RISK

COMPARATIVE GENETICS OF ANIMAL PATHOGENS AND HOST RECEPTOR ANALYSIS ESTIMATE SPILLOVER POTENTIAL AND PRIORITIZE SURVEILLANCE

SOCIETAL UNDERSTANDING

INFORMS PUBLIC POLICY, ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP, AND HEALTH DECISIONS

MEDECINE

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE,VACCINE DESIGN, PRECISION MEDECINE

AGRICULTURE

CROP BREEDING, PEST MANAGEMENT

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

MANAGEMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY, DETECTING HYBRIDS AND CRYPTIC SPECIES, DISEASE AND RISK ADAPTATION

BIOTECHNOLOGY

INDUSTRIAL MICROBES AND ENZYMES, PROTEIN ENGINEERING

FORENSIC SCIENCE

DNA PROFILING, WILDLIFE FORENSICS AND FOOD FRAUD, MICROBIAL FORENSICS

UNDERSTANDING EMERGING DISEASES

PATHOGEN DISCOVERY, PHYLODYNAMICS AND TRANSMISSION MAPPINGPREDICTING ZOONOTIC RISK, SOCIETAL UNDERSTANDING

NATURAL SELECTION

DIFFERENTIAL SURVIVAL/REPRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUALS WITH FAVORABLE HERITABLE TRAITS

DUPLICATION

MUTATION IN WHICH A SEGMENT OF DNA IS COPIED ONE OR MORE TIMES, SO THE GENOME CONTAINS TWO OR MORE COPIES AT THAT REGION

DELETION

MUTATION WHICH ONE OR MORE NUCLEOTIDES, A PORTION OF A GENE, OR AN ENTIRE CHROMOSOM SEGMENT IS LOST FROM THE GENOME

INVERSION

CHROMOSOMAL REARRANGEMENT IN WHICH A SEGMENT OF DNA IS CUT OUT, FLIPPED 180, AND REINSERTED INTO THE SAME LOCATION ON THE CHROMOSOME

TRANSLOCATION

CHROMOSOMAL REARRANGEMENT WHERE A SEGMENT OF ONE CHROMOSOME BECOMES ATTACHED TO A DIFFERENT, NONHOMOGULOUS CHROMOSOME

GENETIC DRIFT

RANDOM CHANGES IN ALLELE FREQUENCIES; ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT IN SMALL POPULATIONS

BOTTLENECK EFFECT

A SEVERE REDUCTION IN POPULATION SIZE

FLOUNDER EFFECT

A SMALL GROUP STARTS A NEW POPULATION THAT CARRIES ONLY A SUBSET OF THE ORIGINAL POPULATION’S ALLELES

GENE FLOW

MOVEMENT OF ALLELES BETWEEN POPULATIONS BY INTRODUCING NEW ALLELES AND RESHUFFLING EXISTING ONES

NON-RANDOM MATING

OCCURS WHEN INDIVIDUALS PREFERENTIALLY CHOOSE MATES BASED ON PHENOTYPE OR RELATEDNESS

INTERACTION OF MECHANISMS

FORCES CAN REINFORCE, OPPOSE, OR MODULATE EACH OTHER

POPULATION GENETICS CONCEPTS

ALLELE FREQUENCY, GENOTYPE FREQUENCY, FITNESS, SELECTION COEFFICIENT, AND EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE

STRAITGRAPHY AND RELATIVE DATING

RADIOMETRIC DATING PROVIDES ABSOLUTE AGES

TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS

ARE SPECIMENS THAT EXHIBIT A MIS OF TRAITS SEEN IN ANCESTRAL AND DESCENDANT GROUPS, DOCUMENTING INTERMEDIATE MORPHOLOGIES THAT BRIDGE MAJOR EVOLUTIONARY TRANSITIONS

HOMOLOGY

REFERS TO SIMILARITY IN STRCTURES, GENES, OR TRAITS AMONG DIFFERENT ORGANISMS INHERITED FROM A COMMON ANCESTOR

ANALOGY

SIMILARITY IN FUNCTION IN OUTWARD APPEARANCE BETWEEN TRAITS OF DIFFERENT ORGANISMS THAT EVOLVED INDEPENDENTLY

EMBRYOLOGY

EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF RELATED TAXA OFTEN SHOW SIMILAR STRUCTURES AND FEATURES THAT PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR COMMON DESCENT

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

PROVIDES POWERFUL EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS BY COMPARING DNA, RNA, AND PROTEIN SEQUENCES; PROVIDING EXPLAINATIONS ON HOW DIVERSE BODY PLANS ARISE FROM SIMILAR GENETIC TOOLKITS

BIOGEOGRAPHY

STUDIES THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES AND SHOWS PATTERNS THAT MATCH HISTORICAL EVENTS

EXPERIMENTAL AND OBSERVATIONAL

INCLUDES DOCUMENTED INSTANCES OF RAPID EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE AND SPECIATION OBSERVED DIRECTLY OR OVER SHORT TIMESCALES

PRE-DARWINIAN

MANY THINKERS INTERPRETED NATURE AS EVIDENCE OF DIVINE DESIGN, ALONGSIDE EARLY EVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

ANAXIMANDER

PHILOSIOPHER THAT PROPOSED PRIMITIVE FORMS AND GRADUAL CHANGE LONG BEFORE MODERN THEORY

BUFFON

NATURALIST THAT SUGGESTED SPECIES COULD CHANGE OVER TIME THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND INTERNAL TENDENCIES

LAMARCKISM

PROPOSED THAT ORGANISMS CHANGE OVER THEIR LIFETIMES THROUGH USE AND DISUSE OF ORGANS, WITH CHANGES INHERITED BY OFFSPRING

CHARLES DARWIN AND ALFRED RUSSEL

INDEPENDENTLY PROPOSED NATURAL SELECTION AS THE PRIMARY MECHANISM DRIVING ADAPTATION

GREGOR MENDEL

DISCOVERED PARTICULATE INHERITANCE THROUGH HIS PEA PLANT EXPERIMENTS, SHOWING THAT TRAITS ARE TRANSMITTED BY DISCRETE HERITABLE UNITS THAT REMAIN DISTINCT ACROSS GENERATIONS RATHER THAN BLENDING