Modal auxiliary verbs-Must + Should: LESSON 7

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18 Terms

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when is used “must”? examples

must is used for

-an intrinsic necessity (es. we must go tomorrow)

-order (es. you must study hard)

-supposizione o conclusione (es. it must be late)

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must is personal or impersonal?

personal, we use it when we give our personal feelings (in first person singular and plural) (es. I must phone her tonight)

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“have to” is personal or impersonal?

impersonal, it express an external necessity (es. Students have to enrol by september), a rule or a situation (es. you have to turn left, because of the traffic system)

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contrario di must

mustn’t (prohibition)

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cosa vuol dire don’t have to

not necessary

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come si crea una supposizione logica al passato?

must have+past participle

es. He must have gone out→sarà andato via

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quando si usa should

è il condizionale o il congiuntivo imperfetto del verbo dovere in italiano. si usa per

-oblication or advice (con riferimento al presente).

es. he should see a doctor

-give an opinion (soprattutto dopo il verbo think)

es. I think you should wear the pink dress

-when something is not right or what we expected

es. you shouldn’t play football at this time

-quando ci aspettiamo qualcosa

es. she is studying so hard, she should pass

-eventualità o ipotesi

es. if he should come, tell him I will be there at 5 p.m.

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should può essere sostituito da un altro verbo. Quale? e in quali casi?

si usa ought to, nei casi in cui si vuole intendere un rimprovero,consiglio o dovere morale. è piu formale di should.

es. you oughtn’t to be so rude

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come si usa should con riferimento al passato?

should have+past participle

es. he should have helped his father

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ci sono altre 2 espressioni che indicano obbligo o necessità, quali sono?

-to be obliged to

-to be compelled to

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per le deduzioni che verbi usiamo?

positive:

es. They must be at home, the lights are on

past→must have+past part

negative:

es. they cannot be at home, the lights are off

past→cannot have+past part

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quando si usa need?

need è un verbo che si usa quando si ha bisogno o occorre qualcosa

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quali sono i 2 casi in cui need può assumere le caratteristiche strutturali di un verbo modale (e quindi non seguito nè da un verbo all’infinito nè da un complemento oggetto)?

-forma negativa del simple present

es. you needn’t tell Jane about it

you needn’t to tell jane..

-forma interrogativa

es. need he come too? yes, he must/no he needn’t

need he to come too?

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l’assenza di necessità al passato si può indicare tramite 2 costruzioni:

1)subj+didn’t need+infinitive

es. you didn’t need to get up early (i knew this info at time)

2) subj+ needn’t+ have+past participle (come verbo modale)

es. you needn’t have got up so early (i didi it but NOW i know it was not necessary)

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quando si usa la costruzione to be to+verb base form

si usa al simple present, simple past, e past subjunctive. nei casi:

-per esprimere un’azione programmata o prestabilita

es. I am to see you this evening

es. He was to become a famous composer

-ordini, istruzioni

es. nobody is to leave the room before the police come

es. you are to finish your homework before dinner

es. the text is to be viewed when you finish it

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al passato, quando si vuole sottolineare che un’azione programmata non è avvenuta si usala costruzione:

Subj+was/were to have+ past part

es. the reunion was to have taken place in my office

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quando viene usato “to be due (to/on)”?

si usa con il significato di:

-essere causato,attribuibile

es. His preparation is due to his organization

-partire, arrivare (riferimento mezzi)

es. the taxi is due to arrive at 10 p.m.

-scadere

es. the bill was due on 6th May

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traduzione verbo to owe

essere debitore/dovere

es. How much do I owe you?

es. She owes you 10 euros