RBT Exam Flashcards

Flashcards for RBT exam preparation

Exclusionary Time-out

Client is removed from the environment.

Reinforcement

Increasing the likelihood of a specific behavior occurring again by providing a consequence that follows the behavior.

Non-Exclusionary Time-out

The client is kept in the time-in space but is not allowed to participate in time in activities.

Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

A signal or cue that tells someone when a specific behavior will be reinforced or rewarded.

Response Blocking

Blocking an individual from engaging in the behavior.

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)

Reinforcing an appropriate substitute response and not reinforcing the problem behavior through extinction procedures.

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)

Reinforcing a behavior that cannot physically occur at the same time of the maladaptive behavior and not reinforcing the targeted problem behavior through extinction.

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

Reinforcing the absence of a problem behavior for a specified time.

Shaping

Reinforcing behaviors that are progressively closer to the desired behavior.

Prompting

Providing assistance or cues to help someone learn a new skill or behavior.

Least to Most Prompting

Giving the learner the opportunity to respond independently prior to providing a prompt.

Most to Least Prompting

Starting with the most intrusive prompt to ensure a correct response, and then gradually fade the prompt as the learner becomes more independent.

Stimulus Delta (SΔ)

A stimulus that indicates a particular behavior will NOT be reinforced.

Task Analysis

A process where we break down a complex behavior / skill into smaller, more manageable steps.

Forward Chaining

A teaching method where a complex task is broken down into steps, and the learner progresses through the sequence, starting with the first step.

Total Task Chaining

A method where every step of a task is taught and prompted simultaneously.

Duration/Temporal Extent

The length of time a specific behavior occurs, from its start to its end.

Independent variable

The environmental factor that is intentionally manipulated or changed to potentially affect the behavior of interest.

Dependent variable

Behavior that you are measuring also known as the target behavior.

Trial-by-trial

A learner's response is scored on every trial.

Permanent Product

Using a completed math sheet as data.

Temporal Locus

What point in time does the behavior occur?

Rate

The total count per a unit of time.

Latency

The time between the presentation of a stimulus and the occurrence of a behavior.

Whole Interval Recording

When the behavior must occur for the entire interval to be recorded.

Momentary Time Sampling

A data collection method where you observe a behavior at specific points in time, rather than continuously monitoring it.

Inter-response time (IRT)

The time between the end of one instance of the behavior and the beginning of the next occurrence of behavior.

Permanent Product Recording

Measuring the tangible outcome or result of a behavior.

Functions of Behavior

Attention, Escape, Access, and Sensory

Antecedent

A stimulus that occurs before the behavior.

Consequence

A stimulus that occurs after the behavior.

Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)

A set of interviews conducted to identify the purpose of a behavior, observations of the problem behavior.

ABC

Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence

Reinforcer

A stimulus that increases or maintains the frequency of a behavior

Punisher

A stimulus that decreases the future frequency of a behavior.

Motivating Operations manipulation

Antecedent intervention

Four schedules of intermittent reinforcement

Fixed-ratio, fixed interval, variable-ratio, variable-interval

DTT reinforcement delivery

Within 1-2 seconds.

Prompt examples

Gestural, verbal, physical.

Stimulus Control

A specific stimulus or cue consistently triggers a particular behavior.

Types of Continuous Measurements

Frequency, Rate, Duration, Latency, and Inter Response Time (IRT)

Extinction

Reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued resulting in a decrease in the frequency of behavior.

Extinction Burst

A predictable, temporary increase in the rate and intensity of a behavior when an extinction procedure is first used.

Spontaneous Recovery

A behavior reappears after it has decreased or stopped entirely during extinction procedures

Systematic Desensitization

Gradually providing longer exposures and closer approximations to feared sounds, environments, items, and/or activities while encouraging relaxation.

Positive reinforcement

Adding a desirable stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior happening again

Negative Reinforcement

Removing an undesirable stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior happening again

Differential Reinforcement

Reinforcing a desired replacement behavior with withholding reinforcement for an undesirable behavior

Replacement Behaviors

Appropriate behaviors chosen to replace maladaptive behaviors that require equal or less effort, serve the same function, and provide the same or greater reinforcement than the maladaptive behavior.

Non-Contingent Reinforcement

Providing access to preferred items/activities, automatic reinforcement, and/or breaks from demands throughout the day in the absence of maladaptive behaviors.

Deprivation

Increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer by withholding access to a reinforcer for a specified period of time prior to a session

Discrete Trial Training (DTT)

Breaking down complex skills into smaller, manageable steps, repeated with clear instructions, responses, and reinforcement

Free Operant Preference Assessment

A preference assessment where you observe a client in a natural setting and record what they choose to play with

Descriptive Assessment

Direct observation of behavior under naturally occurring conditions

Types of Preference Assessments

Free Operant, Paired / Forced Choice, Multiple Stimulus with Replacement (MSW), and Multiple Stimulus without Replacement (MSWO)

Indirect Assessment

Using interviews, questionnaires, and rating scales to obtain information on the target behavior

Skill Assessment

Evaluation tools used to measure existing skill sets, and to provide guidance in determining and planning which skills to target

Multiple Stimulus with Replacement Assessment

Selecting from an array of stimuli, and after their selection, the chosen item is replaced in the array along with other items, creating a new set of options for the next trial.

Continuous Schedule of Reinforcement

Reinforcing every occurrence of the target behavior

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Reinforcement is provided after a set number of responses

Variable Ratio (VR)

Reinforcement is provided based on a varying number of responses

Fixed interval

Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Noncontingent Reinforcement (NCR)

Providing reinforcers independent of the target behavior ~ the individual does not need to "earn" the reinforcement

Skill Acquisition Plan

A document that outlines procedures for teaching a new skill

Primary Reinforcers / Unconditioned Reinforcers

Stimuli that inherently motivate behavior because they satisfy basic survival needs

Conditioned Reinforcers / Secondary Reinforcers

Stimulus that gains its reinforcing value through association with a primary reinforcer or another conditioned reinforcer

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)

A technique where pictures are used to communicate, for individuals who are nonverbal

Backward Chaining

A teaching method where a complex task is broken down into steps and the individual is taught the steps in reverse order, starting with the last step and working backwards

Discrimination Training

A method to teach individuals to distinguish between different stimuli and respond appropriately to each one

Generalization Training

Teaching individuals to apply learned skills across different situations, settings, and people

Maintenance training

The ability to retain a previously acquired skill and perform it once the applied behavior procedures have been removed

Discontinuous Measurement

A data collection method that involves recording a sample of behavior during a specific period

Continuous Measurement

A method of data collection where every instance of a specific behavior is recorded during an observation period

Types of Discontinuous Measurements

Partial Interval, Whole Interval, and Momentary Time Samplings

Paired / Forced Choice

A preference assessment technique where the individual is presented with two options at a time and must choose one

Multiple Stimulus with Replacement (MSW)

A preference assessment technique where multiple items are presented to an individual, and after they make a choice, the chosen item is replaced back into the array, along with other items

Multiple Stimulus without Replacement (MSWO)

A preference assessment technique where multiple items are presented to an individual, and after they make a choice, the chosen item is removed from the array

Natural Environment Teaching (NET)

A method of instruction that integrates learning into everyday activities and environments

Incidental Teaching

A method of instruction focusing on naturally occurring moments to teach skills, rather than pre-planned learning opportunities

Chaining

A teaching strategy where a complex task is broken down into a series of smaller, discrete steps, and each step is taught individually and then linked together

Communication Goals

Goals focus on improving a child's ability to effectively express their needs, wants, and ideas; Example: Manding, pointing, following instructions

Socialization Domain

Goals focusing on improving a child's ability to interact with others; Example: Initiating and responding to conversations, taking turns, sharing

Functional Skills Domain

Goals focusing on teaching daily living skills to enhance independence and participation in everyday activities; Example: Learning to dress independently or performing personal hygiene tasks

Behavior Improvement Domain

Goals focused on reducing or modifying problem behaviors; Example: Addressing tantrums, aggression, or self-injurious behaviors

Functional Analysis

A process used to understand the purpose of a challenging behavior

Motivating Operations (MO)

Environmental factors that influence the frequency of behaviors that are associated with those consequences

Types of Motivating Operations (MOs)

Establishing Operations (EOs) and Abolishing Operations (AOs)

Establishing Operations (EOs)

A type of motivating operation that increases the value or effectiveness of a consequence, making the behavior more likely to occur

Abolishing Operations (AOs)

A type of motivating operation that makes the stimulus less desirable (less effective as a reinforcer)

Partial Interval Recording

A data collection method where an observer notes whether a target behavior occurs at any point during a specific interval of time

Independent Response Trial

Where the learner successfully demonstrates the target skill without any prompting or assistance from the therapist

Trial Utilizing Errorless Learning

A structured teaching session designed to prevent errors during the learning process

Trial Utilizing Error Correction

Systematically addressing incorrect responses to help the child learn the correct ones

Functional Communication Training (FCT)

A technique used to teach individuals alternative communication methods to replace challenging behaviors

Premack Principle

People will do a less preferred activity to gain access to a more preferred activity

Priming

A strategy used to prepare individuals for upcoming tasks or changes in their routine

Behavioral Momentum

A technique using a series of easy requests followed by more challenging requests to increase the likelihood of compliance

Stimulus Control Transfer

Prompts are removed once the target behavior is occurring in the presence of the discriminative stimulus (SD)

Model Prompt

Demonstrating the desired behavior for a learner to imitate

Gesture Prompt

A non-verbal cue that guides a learner towards a desired response