Western Civilization II - Exam 3 - Ch. 21-24

Principle of Legitimacy

This is a goal of the Congress of Vienna
Monarchs from the royal families who had rules before Napoleon would be restored to their positions of power in order to keep peace and stability in Europe. Because of this, most nations in France go back to their pre-napolean leaders such as the Bourbon Family.

Balance of Power

Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong

Conservatism

a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion. It is resistant to change, and abrupt change.
Maintains the status quo.

Ministerial Responsibility

A tenet of nineteenth-century liberalism that held that ministers of the monarch should be responsible to the legislative assembly rather than to the monarch.

Pantheism

The belief in opposition to Christian doctrine, that God and nature are one and the same.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production and distribution.

Social or community based ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership.

Utopian Socialism

Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively.

Gothic Literature

a form of literature used by Romantics to emphasize the bizarre and unusual, especially evident in horror stories

Realpolitik

Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals or ethics.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882). Led the Red Shirts.

Sevastopol

Russian chief naval base; was seized and captured by the British and French, leading to the Russian's defeat of the Crimean War

Otto Von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (1871)

Benjamin Disraeli

A British Prime Minister, parliamentarian, Conservative statesman and literary figure. Only Prime Minister of Jewish heritage. He played an instrumental role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party after the Corn Laws schism of 1846.

Marxism

The economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded.

Pasteurization

A process of heating food to a temperature that is high enough to kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food.

Proletariat

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production.

Natural Selection

A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.

Organic Evolution

the theory of evolution that states gradual changes in living organisms have resulted in more complex organisms

Charles Darwin

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution.

Tariffs

Taxes on imports or exports

Cartels

Unions of independent businesses in order to regulate production, prices, and the marketing of goods. They also seek to limit competition.

Evolutionary Socialism

This was the work that suggested that socialists should combine with other progressive forces to win gradual evolutionary gains for workers through legislation, unions, and further economic development.

Anarchism

Many groups including the socialists and Marxists of the 19th century often opposed the idea of a state. They believed society would function better without a government and that governments do nothing but promote exploitation.

Plutocrats

wealthy class that controlled government and industry in the late nineteenth / early twentieth century.

Mass Leisure

An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports.

Mass Education

the extension of formal schooling to wide segments of the population

Relativity Theory

Einstein's theory that holds, among other things, that (1) space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer and interwoven into a four-dimensional space-time continuum and (2) matter is a form of energy (E = mc2).

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Marie Curie

A Polish physicist who, with French husband Pierre, discovered radium emits subatomic particles in the early 20th century.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Impressionism

An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing

Vincent Van Gogh

A Dutch expressionist who painted a "moving visions in his mind's eye"

Suffragists

Those (mostly female) who were active in seeking voting rights for women as an inherent right for all individuals in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Anti-Semitism.

Hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Economic Imperialism

A situation in which one country has a lot of economic power or influence over others - Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments.