APll- Chapter 27 & 28: Reproduction, Pregnancy and Labor
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How many daughter cells result from meiosis?
Four haploid cells
What happens to chromosomes during interphase before meiosis?
They are replicated
Why is meiosis I called the reduction division?
It halves the chromosome number from 2n to n
Why is meiosis II called the equational division?
Sister chromatids separate evenly
What is the main purpose of mitosis?
To maintain identical DNA in body cells
What are the two major outcomes of meiosis?
Chromosome reduction and genetic variation
What process creates genetic diversity by random chromosome alignment?
Independent assortment
During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?
Late prophase I
What is the effect of crossing over?
Combines maternal and paternal genes on the same chromatid
Why are no two gametes genetically identical?
Why are no two gametes genetically identical?
What is the chromosomal number of a diploid human cell?
46
What is the chromosomal number of a haploid human cell?
23
Which organs generate sperm?
The testes
Where are the testes located?
Within the scrotum
What structure receives sperm immediately after they leave the testes?
The epididymis
Which duct transports sperm from the scrotum into the pelvic cavity?
The ductus deferens
Which short passageway connects the ductus deferens to the urethra?
The ejaculatory duct
Which tube carries sperm to the exterior of the body?
The urethra
Name one accessory gland that contributes fluid during ejaculation.
The seminal gland
Which gland surrounds the urethra just below the bladder?
The prostate
Which small glands secrete mucus into the urethra before ejaculation?
The bulbo‑urethral glands
What is the function of the scrotum’s external position?
To maintain a temperature lower than core body temperature for sperm production
How much cooler than body temperature must the testes be for optimal sperm formation?
About 3°C lower
What happens to the scrotum in cold conditions?
It pulls the testes closer to the body and wrinkles to reduce heat loss
Which smooth muscle layer wrinkles the scrotal skin?
The dartos muscle
Which muscle elevates the testes in response to temperature changes?
The cremaster muscle
What structure divides the scrotum into two compartments?
A midline septum
What is the outer serous covering of the testis called?
The tunica vaginalis
Which structure forms the fibrous capsule of the testis?
The tunica albuginea
What divides the testis into roughly 250 lobules?
Septa from the tunica albuginea
What structures within each lobule produce sperm?
Seminiferous tubules
Which short passage carries sperm from seminiferous tubules to the rete testis?
Straight tubules
What network receives sperm after the straight tubules?
The rete testis
Which ducts transport sperm from the rete testis to the epididymis?
Efferent ductules
Where are sperm stored after passing through the epididymal head and body?
The epididymal tail
Which arteries supply blood to the testes?
The testicular arteries
What venous structure surrounds the testicular artery within the scrotum?
The pampiniform venous plexus
What is the function of the pampiniform plexus?
To cool arterial blood entering the testes
Which nervous system divisions innervate the testes?
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
What structure encloses vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and the ductus deferens?
The spermatic cord
Through which passage does the spermatic cord travel?
The inguinal canal
What is the first duct sperm enter after leaving the testes?
The epididymis
Which duct follows the epididymis in the male tract?
The ductus deferens
Which short passageway forms when the ductus deferens joins the duct of the seminal gland?
The ejaculatory duct
Which structure serves as the final duct for semen transport?
The urethra
Where do sperm complete their maturation?
In the epididymis
Which region of the epididymis receives efferent ductules?
The head
What type of epithelium lines the epididymal duct?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What is the function of stereocilia in the epididymis?
Absorb excess fluid and supply nutrients to stored sperm
How long does it take sperm to gain motility while traveling through the epididymis?
About 20 days
Where are sperm stored before ejaculation?
The tail of the epididymis
What happens to sperm if they remain in the epididymis too long?
They are phagocytized by epithelial cells
Which duct propels sperm during ejaculation?
The ductus deferens
Which structure does the ductus deferens loop over in the pelvis?
The ureter
What is the expanded terminal region of the ductus deferens called?
The ampulla
What type of muscle generates the strong peristaltic waves in the ductus deferens?
Smooth muscle
What procedure involves cutting and sealing the ductus deferens?
A vasectomy
Which urethral segment passes through the prostate?
The prostatic urethra
Which urethral region lies within the deep perineal muscles?
The intermediate (membranous) urethra
Which urethral portion runs through the penis?
The spongy urethra
What glands in the spongy urethra secrete mucus before ejaculation?
Urethral glands
What are two functions of the stereocilia on the epididymal epithelium?
Absorb excess testicular fluid and deliver nutrients to stored sperm
Name the organs of the male duct system in order, from the epididymis to the body exterior.
Epididymis → Ductus deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra
What is the primary reproductive role of the penis?
To deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract
What is the enlarged distal end of the penis called?
The glans penis
What structure forms a cuff of skin around the glans?
The prepuce
What procedure removes the foreskin?
Circumcision
What fills with blood to produce an erection?
Vascular spaces within erectile tissue
Which erectile body surrounds the urethra?
The corpus spongiosum
What structure forms the bulb of the penis?
The proximal expansion of the corpus spongiosum
Which muscle covers the bulb of the penis?
The bulbospongiosus muscle
Which erectile bodies form the majority of penile mass?
The corpora cavernosa
What anchors each crus of the penis to the pelvis?
The ischiocavernosus muscle
What is the function of the corpora cavernosa?
To provide rigidity during erection
What external region suspends the penis and scrotum?
The perineum
What anatomical landmarks define the perineum?
The pubic symphysis, coccyx, and ischial tuberosities
What type of tissue surrounds each erectile body?
A dense fibrous sheath
What percentage of semen volume comes from the seminal glands?
About 70%.
Where are the seminal glands located?
On the posterior surface of the bladder.
What type of epithelium lines the seminal gland mucosa?
Secretory pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
What substances are found in seminal gland fluid?
Fructose, citric acid, a coagulating enzyme, prostaglandins, and motility‑enhancing factors.
What gives seminal fluid its yellow color?
A pigment that fluoresces under UV light.
Where do sperm and seminal fluid first mix?
In the ejaculatory duct
What type of glands make up the prostate?
Compound tubuloalveolar glands
What is the function of prostatic smooth muscle during ejaculation?
To expel prostatic secretions into the urethra
What is the composition of prostatic fluid?
A milky, slightly acidic secretion containing citrate and enzymes including PSA
What proportion of semen volume comes from the prostate?
Up to one‑third
What characterizes benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
Noncancerous enlargement of prostatic stroma and glands
What urinary problem results from BPH?
Constriction of the prostatic urethra
What complications can arise from incomplete bladder emptying due to BPH?
Recurrent urinary infections and potential kidney damage
What is the initial treatment approach for BPH?
Medications that relax prostatic smooth muscle or block androgen‑driven growth
How common is prostate cancer in males?
About 1 in 6 will develop it
Where are the bulbo‑urethral glands located?
In the deep perineal muscles inferior to the prostate
What type of secretion do the bulbo‑urethral glands produce?
A thick, clear mucus
What is the function of the bulbo‑urethral mucus?
Neutralizes residual acidic urine in the spongy urethra and lubricates the glans during sexual excitement
What is semen composed of?
Accessory gland secretions mixed with sperm
What provides the energy source for sperm ATP production?
Fructose from seminal gland secretions
What effect do prostaglandins in semen have on the cervix?
Reduce mucus viscosity
How do prostaglandins aid sperm transport?
Stimulate reverse peristalsis (propulsion) in the uterus
Which hormone in semen enhances sperm motility?
Relaxin
