CELLULAR RESPIRATION (Video notes)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from the cellular respiration video notes.

Cellular respiration

A catabolic, exergonic, aerobic process that uses energy to extract ATP from glucose.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; the primary energy currency of cells.

Glucose

A six-carbon sugar (C6H12O6) that serves as the initial substrate in cellular respiration.

Glycolysis

First stage of cellular respiration; occurs in the cytoplasm; converts glucose to two pyruvate, nets 2 ATP and yields 2 NADH.

Pyruvate

End product of glycolysis; two molecules per glucose; prepared for the Krebs cycle.

NADH

Electron carrier produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle; donates electrons to the electron transport chain.

NAD+

Oxidized form of NADH that accepts electrons to become NADH.

Krebs cycle

Second stage of cellular respiration; occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; produces CO2, NADH, FADH2, and 2 ATP per glucose.

Electron Transport Chain

Third stage; located in the inner mitochondrial membrane; uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to pump protons and drive ATP synthesis.

ATP synthase

Enzyme in the inner mitochondrial membrane that synthesizes ATP from ADP and Pi using the proton gradient.

Mitochondrion

Organelle where cellular respiration occurs; contains matrix, cristae, and membranes.

Matrix

Fluid inside the mitochondrion where the Krebs cycle occurs.

Cristae

Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase surface area for ETC reactions.

Oxygen (O2)

Final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.

Aerobic

Process that requires oxygen.

Anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen.

CO2

Carbon dioxide produced as a waste product during respiration.

H2O

Water produced when electrons combine with oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain.

Fermentation

Anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis; regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue; yields lactic acid or ethanol and CO2.

Lactic acid fermentation

Fermentation producing lactic acid as a product.

Alcohol fermentation

Fermentation producing ethanol and CO2.

Photosynthesis

Process by which plants capture light energy to synthesize sugars; occurs in chloroplasts.

Chloroplast

Organelle where photosynthesis occurs; contains chlorophyll and thylakoid membranes.

Light energy

Energy captured from light during photosynthesis.