Chem 2443 Exam 2

Alkane

a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds

Alkene

carbon-carbon double bond

alkene geometry

trigonal planar, 120 degrees

alkene hybridization

sp2

CnH2n+2

General formula for saturated alkanes

U=(2C+2+N-(H+X))/2

HDI

vinyl group

h2c=ch

allyl group

h2c=ch-ch2

z-isomer

the isomer with the high-priority groups on the same side of the double bond

e-isomer

the isomer with the high-priority groups on opposite sides of the double bond

conjugated diene

double bonds are separated by one single bond

non-conjugated diene

double bonds are separated by more than one single bond

hydrogenation reaction

the addition of 2 hydrogens, produces an alkane

diatomic molecules

HOFBrINCl

endothermic reaction

a reaction that absorbs heat

exothermic reaction

a reaction that releases heat

What type of reaction is hydrogenation

exothermic

terminal alkene

readily reactive alkene

primary carbocation

carbocation with one bonded carbon

secondary carbocation

carbocation with two bonded carbons

tertiary carbocation

carbocation with three bonded carbons

Hydrogen Halide EARs

add H-X, markov product

products

transition state

rate-limiting step

delta G

reaction coordinate

reactants

carbocation

standard free energy

halogenation

add 2 halogens in anti-conformation (not markov.)

halogenation with H2O

add x+oh in anti-conformation

regular hydration (acid catalyst + H2O)

add H+OH (alcohol), (markov.)

oxymercuration hydration (HgX2)

add H+OH, (markov)

hydroboration hydration (boron)

add H+OH (anti-markov product)

ozonolysis (O3)

break bond and add 2O molecules (2 C=O bonds)

Alkyne

carbon-carbon triple bond

geminal

two of the same group on one carbon

effect of peroxide on reaction

makes it anti-markov.

reduction

gain c-h bonds, lose c-x bonds

oxidation

gain c-x bonds, lose c-h or c-c bonds

full reduction

triple bond is fully broken

partial reduction (syn-addition)

hydrogen molecules are added to the same side of a molecule (lindlar's catalyst and H2), creates a cis-alkene

partial reduction (birch reduction/anti-addition)

hydrogens are added to different sides of a molecule, creates. a trans-alkene

cis isomer

identical molecules are on the same side of the double bond

trans isomer

identical molecules are on opposite sides of the double bond