Mastering A&P Chapter 15, Mastering A&P Chapter 14

Which of the following statements about special senses is correct?

all special senses, except smell, rely on specialized receptor cells to detect stimuli

In both general and special sensation ___________.

the signal is carried by sensory neurons

Which of the following happens during special senses transduction?

a physical stimulus causes a receptor cell to increase the amount of neurotransmitter it releases

Where are the general senses located?

skin

Special senses, such as sight and sound, are detected by:

special cells that transduce stimuli into electrical signals

The olfactory nerves (CN I) are formed by:

axons of the olfactory neurons

Damage to the basal cells in the olfactory epithelium results in a loss of:

smell

Which of the following is NOT a taste sensation?

spicy

Taste is detected when chemicals bind receptors on the microvilli of:

gustatory cells

How is the sensation of taste affected by a dry mouth?

c) foods have a less intense taste when the mouth is dry

What taste sensation results when sodium ions enter gustatory cells through sodium ion channel receptors, and the cell depolarizes?

c) salty

Which of the extrinsic eye muscles passes through the trochlea?

d) superior oblique muscle

The area of the retina that contains a high density of photoreceptors and enables us to focus on a particular object is called __________.

c) fovea centralis

Which of the following is a structure from the vascular layer of the eyeball?

d) iris

Identify the muscular structure that anchors the lens in place.

a) ciliary body

Identify the neural layer.

b) retina

Which of the following structures is highly vascular?

d) choroid

Which of the following regions is known as the blind spot?

b) optic disc

Identify the incorrect statement regarding the vitreous body.

b) consists of a thin, watery fluid

Identify the parts of the fibrous layer.

b) sclera and cornea

Identify the structure that allows light to first enter the eye.

d) cornea

Name the largest portion of the fibrous layer.

a) sclera

Which cranial nerve carries visual information from the eyeball to the brain?

c) optic nerve

Only the fibrous layer can be observed in its entirety from the superficial surface of the cow eye.

a) true

The three layers of the eyeball, from outer to inner, are:

fibrous, vascular, and neural layers

The sclera is continuous with a transparent layer over the anterior eye known as the:

a) cornea

What part of the eye controls the amount of light entering through the pupil?

c) iris

The optic disc is known as the blind spot because:

b) photoreceptors are absent from the optic disc

What is the function of the lens?

b) the lens focuses light on the retina

What secretes the aqueous humor?

a) vitreous humor

b) lens

c) iris

d) ciliary body

d) ciliary body

What gelatinous mass helps maintain the shape of the eyeball?

a) perilymph

b) ora serrata

c) aqueous humor

d) vitreous humor

d) vitreous humor

The retina is the only portion of the eye to contain photoreceptor cells.

a) true

b) false

a) true

The eye contains two cavities situated within the anterior chamber.

a) true

b) false

b) false

While viewing a colorful painting in a museum, you will mostly use your ________.

a) rhodopsin

b) rods

c) cones

d) pigmented epithelium

c) cones

Which of the following statements correctly describes the transduction in photoreceptors when light stimulates them?

a) photoreceptors depolarize and stimulate bipolar cells

b) photoreceptor cells hyperpolarize and stop inhibiting bipolar cells

c) photoreceptros hyperpolarize and inhibit bipolar cells

d) photoreceptors depolarize and inhibit bipolar cells

b) photoreceptor cells hyperpolarize and stop inhibiting bipolar cells

Which of the following parts of the eye refract light to focus it on the retina?

a) ciliary body and suspensory ligaments

b) cornea and lens

c) sclera and choroid

d) pupil and iris

b) cornea and lens

What pigment is derived from vitamin A?

a) photopsin

b) opsin

c) transducin

d) retinal

d) retinal

Rods are concentrated in the fovea centralis while cones are absent from this region of the retina.

a) true

b) false

b) false

Which of these chambers contain(s) endolymph?

a) scala vestibuli

b) scala media

c) scala tympani

d) scala vestibuli and scala tympani

b) scala media

Which of the following is NOT one of the auditory ossicles?

a) stapedius

b) malleus

c) stapes

d) incus

a) stapedius

Ceruminous glands secrete _________.

a) ear wax

b) tears

c) saliva

d) mucus

a) ear wax

Which of the following structures of the inner ear is/are filled with perilymph?

a) tympanic membrane

b) semicircular ducts

c) scala vestibuli

d) cochlear duct

c) scala vestibuli

Which of the following structures allows the pressure in the middle ear to equalize with the pressure in the outer ear?

a) tympanic membrane

b) external auditory canal

c) pharyngotympanic tube

d) round window

c) pharyngotympanic tube

What is NOT a function of cerumen?

a) cerumen enhances sound transmission into the ear canal

b) cerumen traps debris before it reaches the tympanic membrane

c) cerumen sweeps debris from the external auditory canal

d) cerumen waterproofs and lubricates the external auditory canal

a) cerumen enhances sound transmission into the ear canal

What separates the outer ear from the middle ear?

a) auricle

b) tympanic membrane

c) auditory ossicles

d) pharyngotympanic tube

b) tympanic membrane

Which auditory ossicle is connected to the tympanic membrane?

a) incus

b) stapes

c) anvil

d) malleus

d) malleus

What creates the boundary between the air-filled middle ear and the fluid-filled inner ear?

a) tectorial membrane

b) oval window

c) basilar membrane

d) tympanic membrane

b) oval window

If the stapedius muscle is unable to reduce movement of the ossicles as a unit, how is hearing affected?

a) sounds will be louder than normal

b) sounds will be softer than normal

c) we hear no sound

d) hearing is not affected

a) sounds will be louder than normal

The vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the:

a) auditory ossicles

b) cochlea

c) stapedius muscle

d) oval window

a) auditory ossicles

What is NOT part of the inner ear?

a) tympanic membrane

b) vestibule

c) cochlea

d) semicircular canals

a) tympanic membrane

What part of the inner ear is involved in hearing?

a) cochlea

b) vestibule

c) utricle

d) saccule

a) cochlea

What cranial nerve carries information about hearing and head movement to the brain?

a) vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

b) abducens nerve (CN VI)

c) trochlear nerve (CN V)

d) trigeminal nerve (CN IV)

a) vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

The receptor cells of the semicirucluar canals are located in the:

a) perilymph

b) utricles

c) saccules

d) ampullae

d) ampullae

Standing still in an elevator that suddenly lowers stimulates receptors in the:

a) basilar membrane

b) utricle and saccule

c) bony labyrinth

d) spiral organ (organ of Corti)

b) utricle and saccule

What supports the spiral organ (organ of Corti)?

a) membranous labyrinth

b) basilar membrane

c) tectorial membrane

d) tympanic membrane

b) basilar membrane

If you are standing still and then you start moving forward, the endolymph in your inner ear will __________.

a) move forward more slowly than the hair cells

b) move together with the hair cells

c) move forward more quickly than the hair cels

d) not move

a) move forward more slowly than the hair cells

Which of the following demonstrates static equilibrium?

a) riding in an elevator

b) spinning on a merry-go-round at the park

c) riding in a car

d) sitting in a movie theater to watch a film

d) sitting in a movie theater to watch a film

The receptor cells for static equilibrium are located in the:

a) otolithic membrane of the utricle and saccule of the vestibule

b) maculae of the utricle and saccule of the vestibule

c) spiral organ (organ of Corti) of the cochlea

d) ampullae of the semicircular canals

b) maculae of the utricle and saccule of the vestibule

The bending of sterocilia depolarizes or hyperpolarizes hair cells within the utricle and saccule and promote a sensation of:

a) sound

b) spinning in a circle

c) linear movement of the head

d) turning of the head to the left or right

c) linear movement of the head

What detects dynamic equilibrium?

a) spiral organ (organ of Corti)

b) crista ampullaris

c) cochlea

d) utricle and saccule

b) crista ampullaris

What description best matches the function of stereocilia?

a) transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

b) bending produces depolarization or hyperpolarization in hair cells

c) tiny calcium carbonate crystal that increase density in endolymph

d) move up and down when the stapes moves back and forth

b) bending produces depolarization or hyperpolarization in hair cells

Which of the following special senses is NOT processed by the thalamus?

a) vision

b) olfaction

c) taste

d) hearing

b) olfaction

The primary sensory cortices send sensory information to the ________ for integration.

a) cranial nerves

b) frontal lobe

c) occipital lobe

d) thalamus

b) frontal lobe

Where are sensations integrated with memories of past experiences?

a) cerebellum

b) limbic system

c) frontal lobe

d) parietal lobe

b) limbic system

In the last step of a visceral reflex arc __________.

a) afferent neurons take signal to the brain and spinal cord

b) postganglionic neurons stimulate target cells

c) motor impulses travel to autonomic ganglia

d) stimuli are integrated by the CNS

b) postganglionic neurons stimulate target cells

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscle?

a) parasympathetic nervous system

b) sympathetic nervous system

c) visceral motor division

d) somatic nervous system

d) somatic nervous system

Neurons that transmit efferent signals between the CNS and autonomic ganglia are called __________.

a) interneurons

b) sensory neurons

c) postganglionic neurons

d) preganglionic neurons

d) preganglionic neurons

Which of the following is called the "fight or flight" division of the nervous system?

a) somatic motor division

b) parasympathetic nervous system

c) sympathetic nervous system

d) visceral sensory division

c) sympathetic nervous system

Unlike autonomic motor neurons, somatic motor neurons _____________.

a) can only stimulate their target cells and not inhibit them

b) synapse with their target cells inside ganglia

c) stimulate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

d) release ACh at their target cells

a) can only stimulate their target cells and not inhibit them

Postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system ___________.

a) stimulate skeletal muscle

b) stimulate preganglionic neurons

c) have cell bodies located within autonomic ganglia

d) are afferent

c) have cell bodies located within autonomic ganglia

Which of the following is called the "rest and digest" division of the nervous system?

a) parasympathetic nervous system

b) visceral sensory division

c) sympathetic nervous system

d) somatic motor division

a) parasympathetic nervous system

Visceral reflex arcs do NOT control:

a) digestion

b) heart rate

c) blood pressure

d) voluntary muscle functions

d) voluntary muscle functions

Sally sustained damage to some autonomic ganglia. What part of the visceral reflex arc is interrupted?

a) sensory reception

b) motor response in a target cell

c) integration

d) initiation of a motor impulse in the central nervous system CNS

b) motor response in a target cell

Autonomic motor neurons do NOT innervate:

a) skeletal muscle cells

b) cardiac muscle cells

c) smooth muscle cells

d) glands

a) skeletal muscle cells

Where are autonomic ganglia located?

a) central nervous system (CNS)

b) spinal cord

c) brain

d) peripheral nervous system (PNS)

d) peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Where does the cell body of the preganglionic neuron originate?

a) central nervous system (CNS)

b) target cell

c) peripheral nervous system (PNS)

d) postganglionic neuron

a) central nervous system (CNS)

What is found between the preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron of a visceral reflex arc?

a) spinal cord

b) target cell

c) autonomic ganglion

d) central nervous system (CNS)

c) autonomic ganglion

Where are the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system located?

a) cervical region and sacral region of the spinal cord

b) cranial nerves and the lumbar region of the spinal cord

c) cranial nerves and the sacral region of the spinal cord

d) thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord

d) thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord

A drug that inhibits the release of norepinephrine will have the greatest effect on:

a) preganglionic neurons

b) skeletal muscle cells

c) autonomic target cells

d) somatic motor neurons

c) autonomic target cells

Which of the following innervates target cells or organs of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

a) somatic motor neuron

b) autonomic ganglion

c) postganglionic neuron

d) preganglionic neuron

c) postganglionic neuron

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) also includes the vagus nerves, which innervate the thoracic and abdominal viscera?

a) sympathetic nervous system

b) sensory nervous system

c) parasympathetic nervous system

d) somatic nervous system

c) parasympathetic nervous system

After eating a large meal, Mr. Davis felt sleepy. Which nervous system dominates?

a) sympathetic nervous system

b) systemic nervous system

c) somatic nervous system

d) parasympathetic nervous system

d) parasympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system has short preganglionic axons and long postganglionic axons, with the sympathetic ganglia located near the spinal cord.

a) true

b) false

a) true

Compared to parasympathetic ganglia, sympathetic ganglia are ____________.

a) closer to the spinal cord

b) embedded in the target organs

c) located in the brain stem

d) located in the thoracic or lumbar spinal cord

a) closer to the spinal cord

Beta-blockers are a class of drugs that act as adrenergic antagonists. Beta-blockers will have an effect at ___________.

a) sympathetic target organs

b) parasympathetic ganglia

c) sympathetic ganglia

d) parasympathetic target organs

a) sympathetic target organs

Ephedrine is a protein extracted from a Chinese plant that acts similarly to epinephrine and acts on the same receptors. Ephedrine can cause ___________.

a) bronchoconstriction

b) increased digestive functions

c) constriction of the pupil

d) increased heart rate

d) increased heart rate

Cocaine causes increased availability of norepinephrine and therefore stimulates the sympathetic division. Which of the following will be an effect on cocaine?

a) constriction of the pupils

b) hyperglycemia due to increased glucose release

c) bronchoconstriction

d) decreased sweating

b) hyperglycemia due to increased glucose release

Which of the following is NOT an organ innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system?

a) lacrimal glands

b) salivary glands

c) digestive glands

d) sweat glands

d) sweat glands

Which of the following house axons of sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

a) gray rami communicantes

b) collateral ganglia

c) sympathetic chain ganglia

d) white rami communicantes

a) gray rami communicantes

The major neurotransmitter at sympathetic target organs is ___________________.

a) epinephrine

b) acetylcholine

c) adrenalin

c) norepinephrine

d) norepinephrine

Which of the following is NOT one of the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on its target cells?

a) bronchoconstriction

b) vasoconstriction

c) dilation of the pupil

d) increase in heart rate

a) bronchoconstriction

Where within the spinal cord do the cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons originate?

a) posterior horns of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

b) lateral horns of the cervical and sacral spinal cord

c) anterior horns of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

d) lateral horns of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

d) lateral horns of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

What do the white rami communicantes contain?

a) preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

b) preganglionic sympathetic neurons

c) postganglionic sympathetic neurons

d) sympathetic chain ganglia

b) preganglionic sympathetic neurons

Which neurotransmitter is released by the axon of a sympathetic preganglionic neuron to communicate with the sympathetic postganglionic neuron?

a) norepinephrine

b) acetylcholine

c) adrenalin

d) epinephrine

b) acetylcholine

Receptors that bind norepinephrine and epinephrine are known as:

a) muscarinic

b) nicotinic

c) adrenergic

d) cholinergic

c) adrenergic

If a drug is administered to block the heart's adrenergic receptors, how is heart rate affected during exercise?

a) the heart will stop beating

b) the drug has no effect on heart rate during exercise

c) heart rate will be unable to increase in response to exercise

d) heart rate will increase in response to the drug

c) heart rate will be unable to increase in response to exercise

Receptors that bind acetylcholine are known as:

a) beta

b) cholinergic

c) alpha

d) adrenergic

b) cholinergic

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are classified as:

a) adrenergic receptors

b) cholinergic receptors

c) beta receptors

d) alpha receptors

b) cholinergic receptors

During sympathetic nervous system activity, what is NOT an effect of norepinephrine?

a) glucose is broken down from glycogen

b) lipids are broken down from adipocytes

c) the pancreas releases a hormone called glucagon

d) blood glucose levels decrease

d) blood glucose levels decrease

The adrenal medulla serve to supplement the:

a) parasympathetic nervous system

b) somatic nervous system

c) sympathetic nervous system

d) both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

c) sympathetic nervous system