Cofactors and Carbohydrates

Enzyme Regulation Irreversible/reversible

Irreversible: Covalently attached to active site, set for good.

Reversible: Small molecule bind to enzyme, regulate activity

Explain Allosteric enzyme regulation

category of reversible reactions that includes non-competitive inhibition

• Can active or inhibit an enzyme

Regulator

small molecule/another protein

Cofactors

non-protein molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions

Organic/Inorganic Cofactor

Organic: Metals

Inorganic: Vitamins

Coenzymes

are organic cofactors

What is NAD+/NADH

Nicotinamide

• essential in metabolism.

Half of all drugs are..

inhibitors

What’s HMG-CoA Reductase

crucial enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis, converting HMG-CoA to mevalonate, and is the target of statin drugs used to lower cholesterol levels. 

Carbohydrates

sugar molecules.

• Vary in carbon numbers and Position of carbonyl groups and arrangement of atoms

Monosaccharides

simplest form of carbohydrates and are composed of a single molecule or subunit

Disaccharides

composed of two monosaccharides linked together

Polysaccharides

are long chains of many monosaccharides (like starch)

stereoisomers

same molecular formula/sequence of bonded atoms, but differer in orientation of atoms space

-Alpha and Beta glucose

Alpha/Beta Glucose

Both have the same chemical formula but differ in position of rings oxygen and 1’OH

Alpha glucose used for

• fuel storage

• starch (plants)

• glycogen (animals

  And are easy to digest

Beta glucose is used for

• Structural

• cellulose (plant cell wall)

• chitin

Extracellular Matrix

a complex network of proteins, polysaccharides, and other molecules that surrounds and supports cells in tissues and organs

glycoproteins

proteins w/ some attached carbohydrate groups a

Proteoglycans

long polysaccharides chains linked & specific core proteins

Components of ECM

• glycoproteins, polysaccharides, proteoglycans

Reaction coupling

2 chemical reaction are linked together, typically one that releases energy and one requiring energy

• Overall negative delta G and exergonic

why is ATP called “ energy currency”

because it's the primary molecule that stores and transfers energy for cellular processes,

ATP Hydrolysis

the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), releasing energy that drives cellular processes like muscle contraction and active transport

-This reaction in exergonic

ATP: ATP + H2) => ADP + Pi =

7.3 kcal/mol

Metabolism

sum of all chemical interactions in a cell

Catabolism/Anabolism

Catabolism: breakdown of macromolecules often to extract energy

Anabolism: synthesize of macromolecules, requires energy

Redox reactions

LEO says GER

LEO = Loss of electrons (Oxidation)

GER = Gain of electrons (reduction)

What are the 2 “flavors” or redox reactions

1) electrons are directly transfer from 1 molecule to another

2) moving electrons to more electronegative atoms

non-polar covalent/polar covalent free energy

NP covalent: high free energy

P covalent: low free energy

Glycosidic Bonds

covalent linkages, specifically ether bonds, that connect carbohydrate molecules (sugars) to other molecules, including other carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins, forming disaccharides, polysaccharides, and other complex molecules