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Chemical Bonds
Forces that hold atoms together in molecules or compounds, including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds.
Glucose
A simple sugar that serves as a primary energy source for cells and is a key carbohydrate in metabolism.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll, converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
Acetyl Co-A
Plays a crucial role in Krebs. A central metabolite in cellular respiration and fatty acid synthesis, formed from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
ADP
Formed when ATP loses the last phosphate group; crucial in cellular energy transport
Pyruvic Acid
Formed with the breakdwon of glucose in glycolysis
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Stage of respiration where NADH and FADH2 change to ATP; also creates a proton gradient
Hydrogen ions
Essential for ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation, moving through ATP synthase and generating energy.
Co2 Pyruvate decarboxylation
The process where pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA, releases Co2 and occurs before entering the citric acid cycle.
Chlorophyll
Green pigment that captures light in plants and is crucial for photosynthesis.
Electrical Gradient
The difference in charge across a membrane that influences the movement of ions, crucial for processes such as ATP synthesis and nerve signal transmission.
Hydrogen
Functions as a rotary motor, essential for synthesizing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during oxidative phosphorylation.
Phosphate
An inorganic chemical that consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It plays a key role in energy transfer through ATP and is vital for nucleic acid synthesis.
Oxygen Light
light energy vital for photosynthesis, where chlorophyll absorbs light to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
NADPH
Coenzyme, acts as a protein donor, mainly for anabolic reactions
Glucose
A simple sugar that serves as a primary energy source for cells and is produced during photosynthesis. It is crucial for cellular respiration and energy production.
Fermentation
Metabolic process that happens without presence of oxygen
Thylakoid
Membrane bound compartments within chloroplasts where the light independent reactions of photosyntehsis happen./
Two Steps of Photosynthesis:
Light-dependent reactions and Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)
Chloroplast
Organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.
Grana
Stack of thylakoids in chloroplast. Contains chlorophyll to absorb light energy
Stroma
The liquid matrix where light-reactions occur in chloroplasts.
Photosystem II
First step of light dependent; Light absorbed by chlorophyll - energy used to split a water molecule
Produces free oxygen from water, which leaves the leaves
Photosystem I
Light and electrons from PSII are used to reduce NADP to NADPH
What powers ATP Synthase?
Movement of hydrogen ions
ATP and NADPH (from light dependent reactions):
CO2 is converted via a series of steps into C6H12O6
Cyclic
Photophosphorylation is a process that generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during photosynthesis, using electrons from Photosystem I.
What happens to ADP from Calvin cycle?
Goes back into light reactions to be turned into ATP.
Stomata
Openings in leaves that allow plants to exchange gases
What is Fermentation
A metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen.
Obligate Aerobes
Need oxygen to survive
Facultative aerobes
Can survive in oxygen or without oxygenO
Obligate Anaerobes
Cannot survive in oxygen
Lactic Acid Fermnetation
A metabolic process by which glucose is converted into energy and lactic acid in the absence of oxygen.
Low Energy forms in Light Dependent reactions
NADP+ and ADP
High Energy Forms in Calvin Cycle
ATP and NADPH
What does O2 do?
Used to accept electrons to power oxidative phosphorylation
Co2
Waste product released during cellular respiration
What does glucose do in the process?
Molecule produced in order to recharge ATP
Cristae
Inward folds on inner membrane of the mitchondria
What occurs on the cristae?
ATP synthesis through ETC/Oxidative phosphorylation
Where dies pyruvate enter from glycolysis
Mitochondria matrix
FADH2 and NADP+
Used to create ATP in Oxidative Phosphorylation
What is purpose of Krebs (Citric Acid cycle)
To produce electron carriers (NADH2 and FADH) for Oxidative Phosphorylation