Chapter 9-10 (Exam 2)

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44 Terms

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Chemical Bonds

Forces that hold atoms together in molecules or compounds, including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds.

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Glucose

A simple sugar that serves as a primary energy source for cells and is a key carbohydrate in metabolism.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll, converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

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Acetyl Co-A

Plays a crucial role in Krebs. A central metabolite in cellular respiration and fatty acid synthesis, formed from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

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ADP

Formed when ATP loses the last phosphate group; crucial in cellular energy transport

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Pyruvic Acid

Formed with the breakdwon of glucose in glycolysis

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

Stage of respiration where NADH and FADH2 change to ATP; also creates a proton gradient

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Hydrogen ions

Essential for ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation, moving through ATP synthase and generating energy.

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Co2 Pyruvate decarboxylation

The process where pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA, releases Co2 and occurs before entering the citric acid cycle.

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Chlorophyll

Green pigment that captures light in plants and is crucial for photosynthesis.

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Electrical Gradient

The difference in charge across a membrane that influences the movement of ions, crucial for processes such as ATP synthesis and nerve signal transmission.

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Hydrogen

Functions as a rotary motor, essential for synthesizing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during oxidative phosphorylation.

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Phosphate

An inorganic chemical that consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It plays a key role in energy transfer through ATP and is vital for nucleic acid synthesis.

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Oxygen Light

light energy vital for photosynthesis, where chlorophyll absorbs light to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

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NADPH

Coenzyme, acts as a protein donor, mainly for anabolic reactions

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Glucose

A simple sugar that serves as a primary energy source for cells and is produced during photosynthesis. It is crucial for cellular respiration and energy production.

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Fermentation

Metabolic process that happens without presence of oxygen

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Thylakoid

Membrane bound compartments within chloroplasts where the light independent reactions of photosyntehsis happen./

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Two Steps of Photosynthesis:

Light-dependent reactions and Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)

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Chloroplast

Organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.

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Grana

Stack of thylakoids in chloroplast. Contains chlorophyll to absorb light energy

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Stroma

The liquid matrix where light-reactions occur in chloroplasts.

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Photosystem II

First step of light dependent; Light absorbed by chlorophyll - energy used to split a water molecule

  • Produces free oxygen from water, which leaves the leaves

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Photosystem I

Light and electrons from PSII are used to reduce NADP to NADPH

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What powers ATP Synthase?

Movement of hydrogen ions

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ATP and NADPH (from light dependent reactions):

CO2 is converted via a series of steps into C6H12O6

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Cyclic

Photophosphorylation is a process that generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during photosynthesis, using electrons from Photosystem I.

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What happens to ADP from Calvin cycle?

Goes back into light reactions to be turned into ATP.

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Stomata

Openings in leaves that allow plants to exchange gases

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What is Fermentation

A metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen.

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Obligate Aerobes

Need oxygen to survive

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Facultative aerobes

Can survive in oxygen or without oxygenO

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Obligate Anaerobes

Cannot survive in oxygen

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Lactic Acid Fermnetation

A metabolic process by which glucose is converted into energy and lactic acid in the absence of oxygen.

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Low Energy forms in Light Dependent reactions

NADP+ and ADP

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High Energy Forms in Calvin Cycle

ATP and NADPH

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What does O2 do?

Used to accept electrons to power oxidative phosphorylation

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Co2

Waste product released during cellular respiration

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What does glucose do in the process?

Molecule produced in order to recharge ATP

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Cristae

Inward folds on inner membrane of the mitchondria

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What occurs on the cristae?

ATP synthesis through ETC/Oxidative phosphorylation

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Where dies pyruvate enter from glycolysis

Mitochondria matrix

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FADH2 and NADP+

Used to create ATP in Oxidative Phosphorylation

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What is purpose of Krebs (Citric Acid cycle)

To produce electron carriers (NADH2 and FADH) for Oxidative Phosphorylation