Chapter 9-10 (Exam 2)

Chemical Bonds

Forces that hold atoms together in molecules or compounds, including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds.

Glucose

A simple sugar that serves as a primary energy source for cells and is a key carbohydrate in metabolism.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll, converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Acetyl Co-A

Plays a crucial role in Krebs. A central metabolite in cellular respiration and fatty acid synthesis, formed from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

ADP

Formed when ATP loses the last phosphate group; crucial in cellular energy transport

Pyruvic Acid

Formed with the breakdwon of glucose in glycolysis

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Stage of respiration where NADH and FADH2 change to ATP; also creates a proton gradient

Hydrogen ions

Essential for ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation, moving through ATP synthase and generating energy.

Co2 Pyruvate decarboxylation

The process where pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA, releases Co2 and occurs before entering the citric acid cycle.

Chlorophyll

Green pigment that captures light in plants and is crucial for photosynthesis.

Electrical Gradient

The difference in charge across a membrane that influences the movement of ions, crucial for processes such as ATP synthesis and nerve signal transmission.

Hydrogen

Functions as a rotary motor, essential for synthesizing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during oxidative phosphorylation.

Phosphate

An inorganic chemical that consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It plays a key role in energy transfer through ATP and is vital for nucleic acid synthesis.

Oxygen Light

light energy vital for photosynthesis, where chlorophyll absorbs light to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

NADPH

Coenzyme, acts as a protein donor, mainly for anabolic reactions

Glucose

A simple sugar that serves as a primary energy source for cells and is produced during photosynthesis. It is crucial for cellular respiration and energy production.

Fermentation

Metabolic process that happens without presence of oxygen

Thylakoid

Membrane bound compartments within chloroplasts where the light independent reactions of photosyntehsis happen./

Two Steps of Photosynthesis:

Light-dependent reactions and Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)

Chloroplast

Organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.

Grana

Stack of thylakoids in chloroplast. Contains chlorophyll to absorb light energy

Stroma

The liquid matrix where light-reactions occur in chloroplasts.

Photosystem II

First step of light dependent; Light absorbed by chlorophyll - energy used to split a water molecule

• Produces free oxygen from water, which leaves the leaves

Photosystem I

Light and electrons from PSII are used to reduce NADP to NADPH

What powers ATP Synthase?

Movement of hydrogen ions

ATP and NADPH (from light dependent reactions):

CO2 is converted via a series of steps into C6H12O6

Cyclic

Photophosphorylation is a process that generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during photosynthesis, using electrons from Photosystem I.

What happens to ADP from Calvin cycle?

Goes back into light reactions to be turned into ATP.

Stomata

Openings in leaves that allow plants to exchange gases

What is Fermentation

A metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen.

Obligate Aerobes

Need oxygen to survive

Facultative aerobes

Can survive in oxygen or without oxygenO

Obligate Anaerobes

Cannot survive in oxygen

Lactic Acid Fermnetation

A metabolic process by which glucose is converted into energy and lactic acid in the absence of oxygen.

Low Energy forms in Light Dependent reactions

NADP+ and ADP

High Energy Forms in Calvin Cycle

ATP and NADPH

What does O2 do?

Used to accept electrons to power oxidative phosphorylation

Co2

Waste product released during cellular respiration

What does glucose do in the process?

Molecule produced in order to recharge ATP

Cristae

Inward folds on inner membrane of the mitchondria

What occurs on the cristae?

ATP synthesis through ETC/Oxidative phosphorylation

Where dies pyruvate enter from glycolysis

Mitochondria matrix

FADH2 and NADP+

Used to create ATP in Oxidative Phosphorylation

What is purpose of Krebs (Citric Acid cycle)

To produce electron carriers (NADH2 and FADH) for Oxidative Phosphorylation