Animal Diversity 6: Lophotrochozoans

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22 Terms

1
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What characters define Lophotrochozoa

  • Distinct organ systems

  • Bilateral symmetry along an anterior-posterior axis; three embryonic cell layers; centralised nervous system

  • Protostomes

  • Blastopore develops into mouth

2
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Describe Lophotrochozoan phylogeny

  • Incredibly diverse clade

  • ~ 13 phyla

  • No common morphological trait across all groups

  • Monophyletic

  • Internal resolution controversial

3
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What are the lophophore and trochophore

Lophophore – feeding structure

Trochophore – larval morphology

4
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Describe Bryozoa (Ectoprocta)

  • 5,500 species

  • colonial

  • clones of one another

  • division of labour

  • lophophore

  • well developed gut

  • marine filter feeders largely

5
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Describe Entoprocta

  • superficially similar to ectoprocta

  • goblet animals or nodders

  • attached to substrate

  • colonial

6
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Describe Cycliophora

  • tiny

  • only found on bristles of mouth of Norwegian lobsters

  • 0.04 - 0.06mm

  • three species

7
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Describe Gnathifera

  • clade of three phyla (Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Rotifera)

  • synapomorphy mastax

  • chewing structure

8
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Describe Rotifera

  • ‘Wheely animals’

  • thorny headed worms

  • filter feeders and parasites

  • 3k species

  • corona of cilia

9
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Describe Micrognathozoa

  • ‘Jaw animals’

  • one species

  • only females found

  • asexual maybe

  • two kinds of eggs

  • slow and fast hatching,

10
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Describe Gnathostomulida

  • ‘Jaw worms’

  • abundant in marine sediments

  • hermaphrodites

  • no body cavity

  • circulatory or respiratory system

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Describe Gastrotricha (new clade)

  • ‘Hairybacks’

  • water dwelling worms usually >1mm

  • can be visible to the naked eye

  • 800 species described

12
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Describe Platyhelminthes

  • Flatworms

  • flukes and tapeworms

  • have lost many ancestral features

  • all soft bodiedsoft-bodied

  • some terrestrial forms in tropical regions

  • many parasitic types

  • flatworms likely ancestral group

  • some predatory species

13
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Describe Brachiopoda

  • ‘Lamp shells’

  • lophophore

  • superficially bivalve like

  • filter feeders

  • 300 species

  • used to be more diverse pre-Permian extinction

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Describe Phoronida

  • Horseshoe worms

  • sessile marine life

  • some bore holes into rocks

  • originate in Devonian

15
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Describe Nemertea

  • Ribbon worms

  • don’t have any segmentation

  • longest animals on the planet

  • largely marine

  • largely predatory

16
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Describe Annelida

  • Segmented worms

  • symmetrical

  • two major groups: Clitellates, Polychaetes

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Describe Clitellates

  • Leeches

  • highly diverse

  • meteramisme

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Describe Polychaetes

  • Named after bristles

  • parapodyia

  • extremely diverse

  • exclusively marine

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Describe the ecological importance of an annelid e.g. earth worm

  • fertilisation

  • aeration

  • drainage

  • prevent compaction

20
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Mollusca is second only to which clade in diversity

Second only in diversity to arthropods in diversity

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Describe Gastropods and their feeding apparatus

Gastropods:

  • mostly herbivores, some carnivores such as sea angels

  • they have a planktonic larva post trochophore stage

  • snails, slugs, sea angels, nudibranch

Gastropod feeding apparatus:

  • radula – toothed, chitinous

  • odontophore – cartilaginous

  • buccal mass – protractor and retractor muscles

  • radula tooth, has been modified into predatory uses in some species

 

22
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Describe Cephalopods

  • Largely predatory

  • mimicry

  • highly intelligent