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What characters define Lophotrochozoa
Distinct organ systems
Bilateral symmetry along an anterior-posterior axis; three embryonic cell layers; centralised nervous system
Protostomes
Blastopore develops into mouth
Describe Lophotrochozoan phylogeny
Incredibly diverse clade
~ 13 phyla
No common morphological trait across all groups
Monophyletic
Internal resolution controversial
What are the lophophore and trochophore
Lophophore – feeding structure
Trochophore – larval morphology
Describe Bryozoa (Ectoprocta)
5,500 species
colonial
clones of one another
division of labour
lophophore
well developed gut
marine filter feeders largely
Describe Entoprocta
superficially similar to ectoprocta
goblet animals or nodders
attached to substrate
colonial
Describe Cycliophora
tiny
only found on bristles of mouth of Norwegian lobsters
0.04 - 0.06mm
three species
Describe Gnathifera
clade of three phyla (Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Rotifera)
synapomorphy mastax
chewing structure
Describe Rotifera
‘Wheely animals’
thorny headed worms
filter feeders and parasites
3k species
corona of cilia
Describe Micrognathozoa
‘Jaw animals’
one species
only females found
asexual maybe
two kinds of eggs
slow and fast hatching,
Describe Gnathostomulida
‘Jaw worms’
abundant in marine sediments
hermaphrodites
no body cavity
circulatory or respiratory system
Describe Gastrotricha (new clade)
‘Hairybacks’
water dwelling worms usually >1mm
can be visible to the naked eye
800 species described
Describe Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
flukes and tapeworms
have lost many ancestral features
all soft bodiedsoft-bodied
some terrestrial forms in tropical regions
many parasitic types
flatworms likely ancestral group
some predatory species
Describe Brachiopoda
‘Lamp shells’
lophophore
superficially bivalve like
filter feeders
300 species
used to be more diverse pre-Permian extinction
Describe Phoronida
Horseshoe worms
sessile marine life
some bore holes into rocks
originate in Devonian
Describe Nemertea
Ribbon worms
don’t have any segmentation
longest animals on the planet
largely marine
largely predatory
Describe Annelida
Segmented worms
symmetrical
two major groups: Clitellates, Polychaetes
Describe Clitellates
Leeches
highly diverse
meteramisme
Describe Polychaetes
Named after bristles
parapodyia
extremely diverse
exclusively marine
Describe the ecological importance of an annelid e.g. earth worm
fertilisation
aeration
drainage
prevent compaction
Mollusca is second only to which clade in diversity
Second only in diversity to arthropods in diversity
Describe Gastropods and their feeding apparatus
Gastropods:
mostly herbivores, some carnivores such as sea angels
they have a planktonic larva post trochophore stage
snails, slugs, sea angels, nudibranch
Gastropod feeding apparatus:
radula – toothed, chitinous
odontophore – cartilaginous
buccal mass – protractor and retractor muscles
radula tooth, has been modified into predatory uses in some species
Describe Cephalopods
Largely predatory
mimicry
highly intelligent