basic organic

application of IUPAC rules of nomenclature for systematically naming organic compounds

interpretation and use of general formula

simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series,

interpretation and use of structural formula

formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Interpretation and use of displayed formula

the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

Interpretation and use of skeletal formula

the simplified organic formula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups 

Homologous series

a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2 (definition is required)

functional group

a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound 

Alkanes

C–C, general formula Cn H2n+2

Alkenes

C=C double bond, general formula CnH2n, stem-2-ene depending on the lower number with the double bond

two double bonds: pent -2-diene

Alcohols

C–OH, general formula CnH2n+1, the bond to the OH group must always go to the O of the OH group

stem-1-ol when only one the OH functional group

1-hydroxy stem-2-ene

Haloalkenes

C–X where X i a halogen atom F, Cl, Br, I

General formula Cn H2n+1 X

Aldehydes

Carboxyl compound, contains C=O at the end of the carbon chain so attached to the first carbon is another hydrogen , counting starts from 1 at the functional group C=O for naming branches, general formula Cn H2n O

stem: al NO numbers as the functional group is always at the start e.g butanal

Ketones

Carbonyl compound C=O not at the end of the carbon chain, within the chain so C bonded to carbonyl group and the same C is bonded to another C

Stem-2-one depending where the =O position is

Carboxylic acid

Functional group C=O, C-OH at the end of the chain, Cn H2n+1 COOH OR Cn H2n O2 stem anoic acid no numbers as always in the same position , always start counting from 1 from the functional group

Presence of two functional carboxyl groups

At either end of the carbon chain pentane dioic acid

Cycloalkanes

Just like alkanes, hydrocarbon, saturated , Cn H2n unlike alkanes , every corner of closed shape is a carbon , cyclo stem e.g cyclobutane (square)

Naming esters

part after the oxygen double bond; suffix, count how many carbons, stemoate e.g. butanoate

part before oxygen single bond, the prefix, alkyl group count how many carbons e.g. methyl propanoate

alkyl group

of formula CnH2n+1) with one fewer H atoms than parent alkane group that gives the name e.g. alkyl group of methane is methyl, alkyl group of ethane is ethyl

aliphatic

(a compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings), can be saturated or unsaturated

Straight chain hydrocarbon

contains one continuous carbon chain only with no branches (this includes shorter carbon chains, doesn’t include branches of other atoms such as O)

Branched chain hydrocarbon

contains a shorter side bonded to a longer continuous carbon chain 

Alicylic hydrocarbon

an aliphatic compound contains carbon atoms arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains, pic is not a benzene ring as it is missing the third double bond

Aromatic

an unsaturated hydrocarbon compound containing a benzene ring

Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon

single carbon–carbon bonds only) and unsaturated (the presence of multiple carbon–carbon bonds, including C=C, C C / and aromatic rings

use of the general formula of a homologous series to predict the formula of any member of the series

explanation of the term structural isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae), isomerism occurs when two or more organic molecules have the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms 

the different types of covalent bond fission

Covalent bonds can be broken by homolytic or heterolytic fission

Homolytic fission

a covalent bond is broken with each bonding atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals

Heterolytic fission

a covalent bond is brown with one bonding atom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair forming two oppositely charged ions 

the term radical

a species with an unpaired electron) and use of 'dots' to represent species that are radicals in mechanisms

a 'curly arrow' in a mechanism

as the movement of an electron pair, showing either heterolytic fission or formation of a covalent bond

reaction mechanisms show how a reaction takes place using diagrams

EQ

from the revision resources on SharePoint done all the basic organic chem worksheet apart form page 4, struggling with this one

systematic name for benzene ring

ends in benzene, put all alkyl groups and everything

For structural formula

When there’s an alkyl group, 2- methyl

The (CH3) goes before the second carbon

CH3 (CH3) CH CH2 CH2 CH3

When there’s a carboxylic acid at one end and at the other end a C=O

The functional groups present are carboxylic acid and Kentone not aldehyde

Molecular formula of CYCLOHEXENE

Cn H2n for cylcohexane

Then take two off due to the double bond in hexene

Check skeletal formulae for but-2-ene and other alkanes and that

Structural formula of a haloalkane that has 1 so 1-chlorobutane

As there is a 1 the Cl would go at the very end of the formula

Displayed and structural formula of cypcohexane

Definition of homologous series

Series of compounds with the same functional group, each successive member differing by CH2

Explanation of increasing BP of cycloalkanes

More carbon atoms in the ring, more electrons, more area of contact, stronger London forces, more energy needed to break IMF

Draw the structural isomer of an alkene

Number of carbon atoms, the cycloalkane of it as it is also CnH2n

Define the term hydrocarbon

Compound containing carbon and hydrogen only

Type of hydrocarbon a benzene ring is

Unsaturated

Name the compound, empirical formula

Benzene, CH

Deduce the general formula for alcohols

Cn H2n+2 O

Aliphatic, molecular formula C5 H10

Which type of organic mechanism will have an atom economy of 100%

Addition because it only has 1 product

Are the compounds structural isomers

No because they have different molecular formulae

When UV light is used the C-Br bond fission is homolytic, describe what happens to the bonding electrons when the C-Br bond undergoes homolytic fission

Each atom joined by the bond receives one bonding electron

When the C-Br bond breaks homolytically the name given to the type of particle produced

Radicle

The type of particle produced when the C-Br bond breaks heterolytically

What does a curly arrow represent

Movement of a pair of electrons

Use curly arrows and partial charges to show the breaking of the C-Br bond via heterolytic fission on the displayed formula

Bromine is more electronegative

Homologous series in which methyl butanoate belongs

Ester

All possible structures of the compound C4 H8 O

Elimination vs substitution vs addition

Elimination: water is produced or something

Substitution: one atom or group is replace by another

Addition: one product is made by adding two reactants

Explain why alcohols have a higher BP than alkanes

Alcohols have hydrogen bonds, Alkanes have London forces , hydrogen bonds in alcohols are stronger than London forces in alkanes, more energy required to break hydrogen bonds than London forces

All of question 4b in revision resources on share point

Explain what is meant by heterolytic fission

Breaking of a covalent bond where one of the bonding atoms receives both electrons from the bonded pair of electrons

Naming esters with alkyl branches

ETHYL 4-METHYL (branch) METHANOATE

so without the branch it would be ethylmethanoate additional branch goes in the middle of the name

Counting starts from 1 at the carbon attached by a double bond to an O, C=O

For methyl groups

Bi for 2

Tri for 3

Tetra for 4